[red-knot] Add custom __setattr__ support (#16748)

## Summary

Add support for classes with a custom `__setattr__` method.

## Test Plan

New Markdown tests, ecosystem checks.

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/attributes.md

@@ -1395,6 +1395,59 @@ def _(ns: argparse.Namespace):
     reveal_type(ns.whatever)  # revealed: Any
 ```
 
+## Classes with custom `__setattr__` methods
+
+### Basic
+
+If a type provides a custom `__setattr__` method, we use the parameter type of that method as the
+type to validate attribute assignments. Consider the following `CustomSetAttr` class:
+
+```py
+class CustomSetAttr:
+    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: int) -> None:
+        pass
+```
+
+We can set arbitrary attributes on instances of this class:
+
+```py
+c = CustomSetAttr()
+
+c.whatever = 42
+```
+
+### Type of the `name` parameter
+
+If the `name` parameter of the `__setattr__` method is annotated with a (union of) literal type(s),
+we only consider the attribute assignment to be valid if the assigned attribute is one of them:
+
+```py
+from typing import Literal
+
+class Date:
+    def __setattr__(self, name: Literal["day", "month", "year"], value: int) -> None:
+        pass
+
+date = Date()
+date.day = 8
+date.month = 4
+date.year = 2025
+
+# error: [unresolved-attribute] "Can not assign object of `Literal["UTC"]` to attribute `tz` on type `Date` with custom `__setattr__` method."
+date.tz = "UTC"
+```
+
+### `argparse.Namespace`
+
+A standard library example of a class with a custom `__setattr__` method is `argparse.Namespace`:
+
+```py
+import argparse
+
+def _(ns: argparse.Namespace):
+    ns.whatever = 42
+```
+
 ## Objects of all types have a `__class__` method
 
 The type of `x.__class__` is the same as `x`'s meta-type. `x.__class__` is always the same value as

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types.rs

@@ -3422,13 +3422,31 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
     /// Returns an `Err` if the dunder method can't be called,
     /// or the given arguments are not valid.
     fn try_call_dunder(
+        self,
+        db: &'db dyn Db,
+        name: &str,
+        argument_types: CallArgumentTypes<'_, 'db>,
+    ) -> Result<Bindings<'db>, CallDunderError<'db>> {
+        self.try_call_dunder_with_policy(db, name, argument_types, MemberLookupPolicy::empty())
+    }
+
+    /// Same as `try_call_dunder`, but allows specifying a policy for the member lookup. In
+    /// particular, this allows to specify `MemberLookupPolicy::MRO_NO_OBJECT_FALLBACK` to avoid
+    /// looking up dunder methods on `object`, which is needed for functions like `__init__`,
+    /// `__new__`, or `__setattr__`.
+    fn try_call_dunder_with_policy(
         self,
         db: &'db dyn Db,
         name: &str,
         mut argument_types: CallArgumentTypes<'_, 'db>,
+        policy: MemberLookupPolicy,
     ) -> Result<Bindings<'db>, CallDunderError<'db>> {
         match self
-            .member_lookup_with_policy(db, name.into(), MemberLookupPolicy::NO_INSTANCE_FALLBACK)
+            .member_lookup_with_policy(
+                db,
+                name.into(),
+                MemberLookupPolicy::NO_INSTANCE_FALLBACK | policy,
+            )
             .symbol
         {
             Symbol::Type(dunder_callable, boundness) => {

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types/infer.rs

@@ -82,7 +82,9 @@ use crate::types::{
     Truthiness, TupleType, Type, TypeAliasType, TypeAndQualifiers, TypeArrayDisplay,
     TypeQualifiers, TypeVarBoundOrConstraints, TypeVarInstance, UnionBuilder, UnionType,
 };
-use crate::types::{CallableType, FunctionDecorators, Signature};
+use crate::types::{
+    CallableType, FunctionDecorators, MemberLookupPolicy, Signature, StringLiteralType,
+};
 use crate::unpack::{Unpack, UnpackPosition};
 use crate::util::subscript::{PyIndex, PySlice};
 use crate::Db;
@@ -2480,6 +2482,36 @@ impl<'db> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db> {
 
                             ensure_assignable_to(instance_attr_ty)
                         } else {
+                            let result = object_ty.try_call_dunder_with_policy(
+                                db,
+                                "__setattr__",
+                                CallArgumentTypes::positional([
+                                    Type::StringLiteral(StringLiteralType::new(
+                                        db,
+                                        Box::from(attribute),
+                                    )),
+                                    value_ty,
+                                ]),
+                                MemberLookupPolicy::MRO_NO_OBJECT_FALLBACK,
+                            );
+
+                            match result {
+                                Ok(_) | Err(CallDunderError::PossiblyUnbound(_)) => true,
+                                Err(CallDunderError::CallError(..)) => {
+                                    if emit_diagnostics {
+                                        self.context.report_lint(
+                                        &UNRESOLVED_ATTRIBUTE,
+                                        target,
+                                        format_args!(
+                                            "Can not assign object of `{}` to attribute `{attribute}` on type `{}` with custom `__setattr__` method.",
+                                            value_ty.display(db),
+                                            object_ty.display(db)
+                                        ),
+                                    );
+                                    }
+                                    false
+                                }
+                                Err(CallDunderError::MethodNotAvailable) => {
                                     if emit_diagnostics {
                                         self.context.report_lint(
                                             &UNRESOLVED_ATTRIBUTE,
@@ -2497,6 +2529,8 @@ impl<'db> TypeInferenceBuilder<'db> {
                             }
                         }
                     }
+                }
+            }
 
             Type::ClassLiteral(..) | Type::SubclassOf(..) => {
                 match object_ty.class_member(db, attribute.into()) {