Treat type(Protocol) et al as metaclass base (#12770)

## Summary

Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/12736.

crates/ruff_python_semantic/src/analyze/class.rs

@@ -1,30 +1,40 @@
 use rustc_hash::FxHashSet;
 
+use crate::{BindingId, SemanticModel};
 use ruff_python_ast as ast;
 use ruff_python_ast::helpers::map_subscript;
 use ruff_python_ast::name::QualifiedName;
-
-use crate::{BindingId, SemanticModel};
+use ruff_python_ast::Expr;
 
 /// Return `true` if any base class matches a [`QualifiedName`] predicate.
-pub fn any_qualified_name(
+pub fn any_qualified_base_class(
     class_def: &ast::StmtClassDef,
     semantic: &SemanticModel,
     func: &dyn Fn(QualifiedName) -> bool,
+) -> bool {
+    any_base_class(class_def, semantic, &|expr| {
+        semantic
+            .resolve_qualified_name(map_subscript(expr))
+            .is_some_and(func)
+    })
+}
+
+/// Return `true` if any base class matches an [`Expr`] predicate.
+pub fn any_base_class(
+    class_def: &ast::StmtClassDef,
+    semantic: &SemanticModel,
+    func: &dyn Fn(&Expr) -> bool,
 ) -> bool {
     fn inner(
         class_def: &ast::StmtClassDef,
         semantic: &SemanticModel,
-        func: &dyn Fn(QualifiedName) -> bool,
+        func: &dyn Fn(&Expr) -> bool,
         seen: &mut FxHashSet<BindingId>,
     ) -> bool {
         class_def.bases().iter().any(|expr| {
             // If the base class itself matches the pattern, then this does too.
             // Ex) `class Foo(BaseModel): ...`
-            if semantic
-                .resolve_qualified_name(map_subscript(expr))
-                .is_some_and(func)
-            {
+            if func(expr) {
                 return true;
             }
 
@@ -100,7 +110,7 @@ pub fn any_super_class(
 
 /// Return `true` if `class_def` is a class that has one or more enum classes in its mro
 pub fn is_enumeration(class_def: &ast::StmtClassDef, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
-    any_qualified_name(class_def, semantic, &|qualified_name| {
+    any_qualified_base_class(class_def, semantic, &|qualified_name| {
         matches!(
             qualified_name.segments(),
             [
@@ -113,10 +123,26 @@ pub fn is_enumeration(class_def: &ast::StmtClassDef, semantic: &SemanticModel) -
 
 /// Returns `true` if the given class is a metaclass.
 pub fn is_metaclass(class_def: &ast::StmtClassDef, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
-    any_qualified_name(class_def, semantic, &|qualified_name| {
-        matches!(
-            qualified_name.segments(),
-            ["" | "builtins", "type"] | ["abc", "ABCMeta"] | ["enum", "EnumMeta" | "EnumType"]
-        )
+    any_base_class(class_def, semantic, &|expr| match expr {
+        Expr::Call(ast::ExprCall {
+            func, arguments, ..
+        }) => {
+            // Ex) `class Foo(type(Protocol)): ...`
+            arguments.len() == 1 && semantic.match_builtin_expr(func.as_ref(), "type")
+        }
+        Expr::Subscript(ast::ExprSubscript { value, .. }) => {
+            // Ex) `class Foo(type[int]): ...`
+            semantic.match_builtin_expr(value.as_ref(), "type")
+        }
+        _ => semantic
+            .resolve_qualified_name(expr)
+            .is_some_and(|qualified_name| {
+                matches!(
+                    qualified_name.segments(),
+                    ["" | "builtins", "type"]
+                        | ["abc", "ABCMeta"]
+                        | ["enum", "EnumMeta" | "EnumType"]
+                )
+            }),
     })
 }