[ty] Raise invalid-exception-caught even when exception is not captured (#18202)

Co-authored-by: Alex Waygood <alex.waygood@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Carl Meyer <carl@astral.sh>

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/exception/basic.md

@@ -76,6 +76,44 @@ except Error as err:
     ...
 ```
 
+## Exception with no captured type
+
+```py
+try:
+    {}.get("foo")
+except TypeError:
+    pass
+```
+
+## Exception which catches typevar
+
+```toml
+[environment]
+python-version = "3.12"
+```
+
+```py
+from typing import Callable
+
+def silence[T: type[BaseException]](
+    func: Callable[[], None],
+    exception_type: T,
+):
+    try:
+        func()
+    except exception_type as e:
+        reveal_type(e)  # revealed: T'instance
+
+def silence2[T: (
+    type[ValueError],
+    type[TypeError],
+)](func: Callable[[], None], exception_type: T,):
+    try:
+        func()
+    except exception_type as e:
+        reveal_type(e)  # revealed: T'instance
+```
+
 ## Invalid exception handlers
 
 ```py
@@ -108,6 +146,12 @@ def foo(
     # error: [invalid-exception-caught]
     except z as g:
         reveal_type(g)  # revealed: Unknown
+
+try:
+    {}.get("foo")
+# error: [invalid-exception-caught]
+except int:
+    pass
 ```
 
 ## Object raised is not an exception

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/exception/except_star.md

@@ -43,9 +43,23 @@ except* (KeyboardInterrupt, AttributeError) as e:
     reveal_type(e)  # revealed: BaseExceptionGroup[KeyboardInterrupt | AttributeError]
 ```
 
-## Invalid `except*` handlers
+## `except*` with no captured exception type
 
 ```py
+try:
+    help()
+except* TypeError:
+    pass
+```
+
+## Invalid `except*` handlers with or without a captured exception type
+
+```py
+try:
+    help()
+except* int:  # error: [invalid-exception-caught]
+    pass
+
 try:
     help()
 except* 3 as e:  # error: [invalid-exception-caught]