Pass ParserOptions to the parser (#16220)

## Summary

This is part of the preparation for detecting syntax errors in the
parser from https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/16090/. As suggested
in [this
comment](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/16090/#discussion_r1953084509),
I started working on a `ParseOptions` struct that could be stored in the
parser. For this initial refactor, I only made it hold the existing
`Mode` option, but for syntax errors, we will also need it to have a
`PythonVersion`. For that use case, I'm picturing something like a
`ParseOptions::with_python_version` method, so you can extend the
current calls to something like

```rust
ParseOptions::from(mode).with_python_version(settings.target_version)
```

But I thought it was worth adding `ParseOptions` alone without changing
any other behavior first.

Most of the diff is just updating call sites taking `Mode` to take
`ParseOptions::from(Mode)` or those taking `PySourceType`s to take
`ParseOptions::from(PySourceType)`. The interesting changes are in the
new `parser/options.rs` file and smaller parts of `parser/mod.rs` and
`ruff_python_parser/src/lib.rs`.

## Test Plan

Existing tests, this should not change any behavior.

crates/ruff_python_parser/src/parser/expression.rs

@@ -2265,7 +2265,7 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
             value,
         };
 
-        if self.mode != Mode::Ipython {
+        if self.options.mode != Mode::Ipython {
             self.add_error(ParseErrorType::UnexpectedIpythonEscapeCommand, &command);
         }