Pass ParserOptions to the parser (#16220)

## Summary

This is part of the preparation for detecting syntax errors in the
parser from https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/16090/. As suggested
in [this
comment](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/16090/#discussion_r1953084509),
I started working on a `ParseOptions` struct that could be stored in the
parser. For this initial refactor, I only made it hold the existing
`Mode` option, but for syntax errors, we will also need it to have a
`PythonVersion`. For that use case, I'm picturing something like a
`ParseOptions::with_python_version` method, so you can extend the
current calls to something like

```rust
ParseOptions::from(mode).with_python_version(settings.target_version)
```

But I thought it was worth adding `ParseOptions` alone without changing
any other behavior first.

Most of the diff is just updating call sites taking `Mode` to take
`ParseOptions::from(Mode)` or those taking `PySourceType`s to take
`ParseOptions::from(PySourceType)`. The interesting changes are in the
new `parser/options.rs` file and smaller parts of `parser/mod.rs` and
`ruff_python_parser/src/lib.rs`.

## Test Plan

Existing tests, this should not change any behavior.

crates/ruff_python_parser/src/parser/tests.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use crate::{parse, parse_expression, parse_module, Mode};
+use crate::{parse, parse_expression, parse_module, Mode, ParseOptions};
 
 #[test]
 fn test_modes() {
     let source = "a[0][1][2][3][4]";
 
-    assert!(parse(source, Mode::Expression).is_ok());
-    assert!(parse(source, Mode::Module).is_ok());
+    assert!(parse(source, ParseOptions::from(Mode::Expression)).is_ok());
+    assert!(parse(source, ParseOptions::from(Mode::Module)).is_ok());
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ foo.bar[0].baz[1]??
 foo.bar[0].baz[2].egg??
 "
         .trim(),
-        Mode::Ipython,
+        ParseOptions::from(Mode::Ipython),
     )
     .unwrap();
     insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parsed.syntax());