Call chain formatting in fluent style (#6151)

Implement fluent style/call chains. See the `call_chains.py` formatting
for examples.

This isn't fully like black because in `raise A from B` they allow `A`
breaking can influence the formatting of `B` even if it is already
multiline.

Similarity index:

| project      | main  | PR    |
|--------------|-------|-------|
| build        | ???   | 0.753 |
| django       | 0.991 | 0.998 |
| transformers | 0.993 | 0.994 |
| typeshed     | 0.723 | 0.723 |
| warehouse    | 0.978 | 0.994 |
| zulip        | 0.992 | 0.994 |

Call chain formatting is affected by
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/627, but i'm cutting scope
here.

Closes #5343

**Test Plan**:
 * Added a dedicated call chains test file
 * The ecosystem checks found some bugs
 * I manually check django and zulip formatting

---------

Co-authored-by: Micha Reiser <micha@reiser.io>

crates/ruff_python_formatter/resources/test/fixtures/ruff/call_chains.py

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# Test cases for call chains and optional parentheses, with and without fluent style
+
+raise OsError("") from a.aaaaa(
+    aksjdhflsakhdflkjsadlfajkslhfdkjsaldajlahflashdfljahlfksajlhfajfjfsaahflakjslhdfkjalhdskjfa
+).a(aaaa)
+
+raise OsError(
+    "sökdjffffsldkfjlhsakfjhalsökafhsöfdahsödfjösaaksjdllllllllllllll"
+) from a.aaaaa(
+    aksjdhflsakhdflkjsadlfajkslhfdkjsaldajlahflashdfljahlfksajlhfajfjfsaahflakjslhdfkjalhdskjfa
+).a(
+    aaaa
+)
+
+a1 = Blog.objects.filter(entry__headline__contains="Lennon").filter(
+    entry__pub_date__year=2008
+)
+
+a2 = Blog.objects.filter(
+    entry__headline__contains="Lennon",
+).filter(
+    entry__pub_date__year=2008,
+)
+
+raise OsError("") from (
+    Blog.objects.filter(
+        entry__headline__contains="Lennon",
+    )
+    .filter(
+        entry__pub_date__year=2008,
+    )
+    .filter(
+        entry__pub_date__year=2008,
+    )
+)
+
+raise OsError("sökdjffffsldkfjlhsakfjhalsökafhsöfdahsödfjösaaksjdllllllllllllll") from (
+    Blog.objects.filter(
+        entry__headline__contains="Lennon",
+    )
+    .filter(
+        entry__pub_date__year=2008,
+    )
+    .filter(
+        entry__pub_date__year=2008,
+    )
+)
+
+# Break only after calls and indexing
+b1 = (
+    session.query(models.Customer.id)
+    .filter(
+        models.Customer.account_id == account_id, models.Customer.email == email_address
+    )
+    .count()
+)
+
+b2 = (
+    Blog.objects.filter(
+        entry__headline__contains="Lennon",
+    )
+    .limit_results[:10]
+    .filter(
+        entry__pub_date__month=10,
+    )
+)
+
+# Nested call chains
+c1 = (
+    Blog.objects.filter(
+        entry__headline__contains="Lennon",
+    ).filter(
+        entry__pub_date__year=2008,
+    )
+    + Blog.objects.filter(
+        entry__headline__contains="McCartney",
+    )
+    .limit_results[:10]
+    .filter(
+        entry__pub_date__year=2010,
+    )
+).all()
+
+# Test different cases with trailing end of line comments:
+# * fluent style, fits: no parentheses -> ignore the expand_parent
+# * fluent style, doesn't fit: break all soft line breaks
+# * default, fits: no parentheses
+# * default, doesn't fit: parentheses but no soft line breaks
+
+# Fits, either style
+d11 = x.e().e().e() #
+d12 = (x.e().e().e()) #
+d13 = (
+    x.e() #
+    .e()
+    .e()
+)
+
+# Doesn't fit, default
+d2 = (
+    x.e().esadjkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkfsdddd()  #
+)
+
+# Doesn't fit, fluent style
+d3 = (
+    x.e()  #
+    .esadjkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk()
+    .esadjkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk()
+)
+
+# Don't drop the bin op parentheses
+e1 = (1 + 2).w().t()
+e2 = (1 + 2)().w().t()
+e3 = (1 + 2)[1].w().t()
+
+# Treat preserved parentheses correctly
+f1 = (b().c()).d(1,)
+f2 = b().c().d(1,)
+f3 = (b).c().d(1,)
+f4 = (a)(b).c(1,)
+f5 = (a.b()).c(1,)
+
+# Indent in the parentheses without breaking
+g1 = (
+    queryset.distinct().order_by(field.name).values_list(field_name_flat_long_long=True)
+)
+
+# Fluent style in subexpressions
+if (
+    not a()
+    .b()
+    .cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc()
+):
+    pass
+h2 = (
+    bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
+    + ccccccccccccccccccccccccc()
+    .dddddddddddddddddddddd()
+    .eeeeeeeeee()
+    .ffffffffffffffffffffff()
+)
+
+# Parentheses aren't allowed on statement level, don't use fluent style here
+if True:
+    (alias).filter(content_typeold_content_type).update(
+        content_typenew_contesadfasfdant_type
+    )
+
+zero(
+    one,
+).two(
+    three,
+).four(
+    five,
+)
+
+

crates/ruff_python_formatter/resources/test/fixtures/ruff/expression/call.py

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ f(
     hey_this_is_a_very_long_call=1, it_has_funny_attributes_asdf_asdf=1, too_long_for_the_line=1, really=True
 )
 
-# TODO(konstin): Call chains/fluent interface (https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/current_style.html#call-chains)
+# Call chains/fluent interface (https://black.readthedocs.io/en/stable/the_black_code_style/current_style.html#call-chains)
 result = (
     session.query(models.Customer.id)
     .filter(