Call chain formatting in fluent style (#6151)

Implement fluent style/call chains. See the `call_chains.py` formatting
for examples.

This isn't fully like black because in `raise A from B` they allow `A`
breaking can influence the formatting of `B` even if it is already
multiline.

Similarity index:

| project      | main  | PR    |
|--------------|-------|-------|
| build        | ???   | 0.753 |
| django       | 0.991 | 0.998 |
| transformers | 0.993 | 0.994 |
| typeshed     | 0.723 | 0.723 |
| warehouse    | 0.978 | 0.994 |
| zulip        | 0.992 | 0.994 |

Call chain formatting is affected by
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/627, but i'm cutting scope
here.

Closes #5343

**Test Plan**:
 * Added a dedicated call chains test file
 * The ecosystem checks found some bugs
 * I manually check django and zulip formatting

---------

Co-authored-by: Micha Reiser <micha@reiser.io>

crates/ruff_python_formatter/src/expression/parentheses.rs

@@ -316,3 +316,20 @@ impl<'ast> Format<PyFormatContext<'ast>> for FormatInParenthesesOnlyGroup<'_, 'a
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::expression::parentheses::is_expression_parenthesized;
+    use ruff_python_ast::node::AnyNodeRef;
+    use ruff_python_parser::parse_expression;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_has_parentheses() {
+        let expression = r#"(b().c("")).d()"#;
+        let expr = parse_expression(expression, "<filename>").unwrap();
+        assert!(!is_expression_parenthesized(
+            AnyNodeRef::from(&expr),
+            expression
+        ));
+    }
+}