[ty] Fix lookup of __new__ on instances (#21147)

## Summary

We weren't correctly modeling it as a `staticmethod` in all cases,
leading us to incorrectly infer that the `cls` argument would be bound
if it was accessed on an instance (rather than the class object).

## Test Plan

Added mdtests that fail on `main`. The primer output also looks good!

crates/ty_ide/src/completion.rs

@@ -1791,7 +1791,7 @@ quux.<CURSOR>
         __init_subclass__ :: bound method type[Quux].__init_subclass__() -> None
         __module__ :: str
         __ne__ :: bound method Quux.__ne__(value: object, /) -> bool
-        __new__ :: bound method Quux.__new__() -> Quux
+        __new__ :: def __new__(cls) -> Self@__new__
         __reduce__ :: bound method Quux.__reduce__() -> str | tuple[Any, ...]
         __reduce_ex__ :: bound method Quux.__reduce_ex__(protocol: SupportsIndex, /) -> str | tuple[Any, ...]
         __repr__ :: bound method Quux.__repr__() -> str

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/call/methods.md

@@ -588,6 +588,28 @@ reveal_type(C.f2(1))  # revealed: str
 reveal_type(C().f2(1))  # revealed: str
 ```
 
+### `__new__`
+
+`__new__` is an implicit `@staticmethod`; accessing it on an instance does not bind the `cls`
+argument:
+
+```py
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+reveal_type(object.__new__)  # revealed: def __new__(cls) -> Self@__new__
+reveal_type(object().__new__)  # revealed: def __new__(cls) -> Self@__new__
+# revealed: Overload[(cls, x: @Todo(Support for `typing.TypeAlias`) = Literal[0], /) -> Self@__new__, (cls, x: str | bytes | bytearray, /, base: SupportsIndex) -> Self@__new__]
+reveal_type(int.__new__)
+# revealed: Overload[(cls, x: @Todo(Support for `typing.TypeAlias`) = Literal[0], /) -> Self@__new__, (cls, x: str | bytes | bytearray, /, base: SupportsIndex) -> Self@__new__]
+reveal_type((42).__new__)
+
+class X:
+    def __init__(self, val: int): ...
+    def make_another(self) -> Self:
+        reveal_type(self.__new__)  # revealed: def __new__(cls) -> Self@__new__
+        return self.__new__(X)
+```
+
 ## Builtin functions and methods
 
 Some builtin functions and methods are heavily special-cased by ty. This mdtest checks that various

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types.rs

@@ -3584,16 +3584,21 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
         }
     }
 
-    #[salsa::tracked(heap_size=ruff_memory_usage::heap_size)]
-    #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    // If we choose name `_unit`, the macro will generate code that uses `_unit`, causing clippy to fail.
-    fn lookup_dunder_new(self, db: &'db dyn Db, unit: ()) -> Option<PlaceAndQualifiers<'db>> {
-        self.find_name_in_mro_with_policy(
-            db,
-            "__new__",
-            MemberLookupPolicy::MRO_NO_OBJECT_FALLBACK
-                | MemberLookupPolicy::META_CLASS_NO_TYPE_FALLBACK,
-        )
+    fn lookup_dunder_new(self, db: &'db dyn Db) -> Option<PlaceAndQualifiers<'db>> {
+        #[salsa::tracked(heap_size=ruff_memory_usage::heap_size)]
+        fn lookup_dunder_new_inner<'db>(
+            db: &'db dyn Db,
+            ty: Type<'db>,
+            _: (),
+        ) -> Option<PlaceAndQualifiers<'db>> {
+            let mut flags = MemberLookupPolicy::MRO_NO_OBJECT_FALLBACK;
+            if !ty.is_subtype_of(db, KnownClass::Type.to_instance(db)) {
+                flags |= MemberLookupPolicy::META_CLASS_NO_TYPE_FALLBACK;
+            }
+            ty.find_name_in_mro_with_policy(db, "__new__", flags)
+        }
+
+        lookup_dunder_new_inner(db, self, ())
     }
 
     /// Look up an attribute in the MRO of the meta-type of `self`. This returns class-level attributes
@@ -6089,7 +6094,7 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
         // An alternative might be to not skip `object.__new__` but instead mark it such that it's
         // easy to check if that's the one we found?
         // Note that `__new__` is a static method, so we must inject the `cls` argument.
-        let new_method = self_type.lookup_dunder_new(db, ());
+        let new_method = self_type.lookup_dunder_new(db);
 
         // Construct an instance type that we can use to look up the `__init__` instance method.
         // This performs the same logic as `Type::to_instance`, except for generic class literals.

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/call/bind.rs

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ use crate::types::diagnostic::{
 };
 use crate::types::enums::is_enum_class;
 use crate::types::function::{
-    DataclassTransformerFlags, DataclassTransformerParams, FunctionDecorators, FunctionType,
-    KnownFunction, OverloadLiteral,
+    DataclassTransformerFlags, DataclassTransformerParams, FunctionType, KnownFunction,
+    OverloadLiteral,
 };
 use crate::types::generics::{
     InferableTypeVars, Specialization, SpecializationBuilder, SpecializationError,
@@ -357,9 +357,7 @@ impl<'db> Bindings<'db> {
 
                                     _ => {}
                                 }
-                            } else if function
-                                .has_known_decorator(db, FunctionDecorators::STATICMETHOD)
-                            {
+                            } else if function.is_staticmethod(db) {
                                 overload.set_return_type(*function_ty);
                             } else {
                                 match overload.parameter_types() {

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types/class.rs

@@ -1051,16 +1051,10 @@ impl<'db> ClassType<'db> {
             return Type::Callable(metaclass_dunder_call_function.into_callable_type(db));
         }
 
-        let dunder_new_function_symbol = self_ty
-            .member_lookup_with_policy(
-                db,
-                "__new__".into(),
-                MemberLookupPolicy::MRO_NO_OBJECT_FALLBACK,
-            )
-            .place;
+        let dunder_new_function_symbol = self_ty.lookup_dunder_new(db);
 
         let dunder_new_signature = dunder_new_function_symbol
-            .ignore_possibly_undefined()
+            .and_then(|place_and_quals| place_and_quals.ignore_possibly_undefined())
             .and_then(|ty| match ty {
                 Type::FunctionLiteral(function) => Some(function.signature(db)),
                 Type::Callable(callable) => Some(callable.signatures(db)),