[ruff] Implement invalid-assert-message-literal-argument (RUF040) (#14488)

## Summary

This PR implements new rule discussed
[here](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/discussions/14449).
In short, it searches for assert messages which were unintentionally
used as a expression to be matched against.

## Test Plan

`cargo test` and review of `ruff-ecosystem`

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/ruff/RUF040.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+fruits = ["apples", "plums", "pear"]
+fruits.filter(lambda fruit: fruit.startwith("p"))
+assert len(fruits), 2
+
+assert True, "always true"

crates/ruff_linter/src/checkers/ast/analyze/statement.rs

@@ -1276,6 +1276,9 @@ pub(crate) fn statement(stmt: &Stmt, checker: &mut Checker) {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::AssertWithPrintMessage) {
                 ruff::rules::assert_with_print_message(checker, assert_stmt);
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::InvalidAssertMessageLiteralArgument) {
+                ruff::rules::invalid_assert_message_literal_argument(checker, assert_stmt);
+            }
         }
         Stmt::With(
             with_stmt @ ast::StmtWith {

crates/ruff_linter/src/codes.rs

@@ -978,6 +978,7 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
         (Ruff, "038") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::ruff::rules::RedundantBoolLiteral),
         (Ruff, "048") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::ruff::rules::MapIntVersionParsing),
         (Ruff, "039") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::ruff::rules::UnrawRePattern),
+        (Ruff, "040") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::ruff::rules::InvalidAssertMessageLiteralArgument),
         (Ruff, "100") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::ruff::rules::UnusedNOQA),
         (Ruff, "101") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::ruff::rules::RedirectedNOQA),
 

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/ruff/mod.rs

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test_case(Rule::NoneNotAtEndOfUnion, Path::new("RUF036.pyi"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::RedundantBoolLiteral, Path::new("RUF038.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::RedundantBoolLiteral, Path::new("RUF038.pyi"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::InvalidAssertMessageLiteralArgument, Path::new("RUF040.py"))]
     fn rules(rule_code: Rule, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let snapshot = format!("{}_{}", rule_code.noqa_code(), path.to_string_lossy());
         let diagnostics = test_path(

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/ruff/rules/invalid_assert_message_literal_argument.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use ruff_diagnostics::{Diagnostic, Violation};
+use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
+use ruff_python_ast::{Expr, StmtAssert};
+use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
+
+use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
+
+/// ## What it does
+/// Checks for invalid use of literals in assert message argument.
+///
+/// ## Why is this bad?
+/// An assert message which is a non-string literal was likely intended
+/// to be used in a comparison assertion, rather than as a message.
+///
+/// ## Example
+/// ```python
+/// fruits = ["apples", "plums", "pears"]
+/// fruits.filter(lambda fruit: fruit.startwith("p"))
+/// assert len(fruits), 2  # True unless the list is empty
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use instead:
+/// ```python
+/// fruits = ["apples", "plums", "pears"]
+/// fruits.filter(lambda fruit: fruit.startwith("p"))
+/// assert len(fruits) == 2
+/// ```
+#[violation]
+pub struct InvalidAssertMessageLiteralArgument;
+
+impl Violation for InvalidAssertMessageLiteralArgument {
+    #[derive_message_formats]
+    fn message(&self) -> String {
+        "Non-string literal used as assert message".to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+/// RUF040
+pub(crate) fn invalid_assert_message_literal_argument(checker: &mut Checker, stmt: &StmtAssert) {
+    let Some(message) = stmt.msg.as_deref() else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    if !matches!(
+        message,
+        Expr::NumberLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::BooleanLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::NoneLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::EllipsisLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::BytesLiteral(_)
+    ) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    checker.diagnostics.push(Diagnostic::new(
+        InvalidAssertMessageLiteralArgument,
+        message.range(),
+    ));
+}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/ruff/rules/mod.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ pub(crate) use explicit_f_string_type_conversion::*;
 pub(crate) use function_call_in_dataclass_default::*;
 pub(crate) use implicit_optional::*;
 pub(crate) use incorrectly_parenthesized_tuple_in_subscript::*;
+pub(crate) use invalid_assert_message_literal_argument::*;
 pub(crate) use invalid_formatter_suppression_comment::*;
 pub(crate) use invalid_index_type::*;
 pub(crate) use invalid_pyproject_toml::*;
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ mod function_call_in_dataclass_default;
 mod helpers;
 mod implicit_optional;
 mod incorrectly_parenthesized_tuple_in_subscript;
+mod invalid_assert_message_literal_argument;
 mod invalid_formatter_suppression_comment;
 mod invalid_index_type;
 mod invalid_pyproject_toml;

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/ruff/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__ruff__tests__RUF040_RUF040.py.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+source: crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/ruff/mod.rs
+snapshot_kind: text
+---
+RUF040.py:3:21: RUF040 Non-string literal used as assert message
+  |
+1 | fruits = ["apples", "plums", "pear"]
+2 | fruits.filter(lambda fruit: fruit.startwith("p"))
+3 | assert len(fruits), 2
+  |                     ^ RUF040
+4 | 
+5 | assert True, "always true"
+  |

ruff.schema.json

@@ -3833,6 +3833,7 @@
         "RUF038",
         "RUF039",
         "RUF04",
+        "RUF040",
         "RUF048",
         "RUF1",
         "RUF10",