Make unnecessary-paren-on-raise-exception an unsafe edit (#8231)

## Summary

This rule is now unsafe if we can't verify that the `obj` in `raise
obj()` is a class or builtin. (If we verify that it's a function, we
don't raise at all, as before.)

See the documentation change for motivation behind the unsafe edit.

Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/8228.

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_raise/RSE102.py

@@ -79,3 +79,6 @@ from ZeroDivisionError
 raise IndexError() from ZeroDivisionError
 
 raise IndexError();
+
+# RSE102
+raise Foo()

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/flake8_raise/rules/unnecessary_paren_on_raise_exception.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use ruff_diagnostics::{AlwaysFixableViolation, Diagnostic, Edit, Fix};
 use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
 use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, Expr};
+use ruff_python_semantic::BindingKind;
 use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
 
 use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
@@ -15,6 +16,13 @@ use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
 ///
 /// Removing the parentheses makes the code more concise.
 ///
+/// ## Known problems
+/// Parentheses can only be omitted if the exception is a class, as opposed to
+/// a function call. This rule isn't always capable of distinguishing between
+/// the two. For example, if you define a method `get_exception` that itself
+/// returns an exception object, this rule will falsy mark the parentheses
+/// in `raise get_exception()` as unnecessary.
+///
 /// ## Example
 /// ```python
 /// raise TypeError()
@@ -54,25 +62,32 @@ pub(crate) fn unnecessary_paren_on_raise_exception(checker: &mut Checker, expr:
 
     if arguments.is_empty() {
         // `raise func()` still requires parentheses; only `raise Class()` does not.
-        if checker
-            .semantic()
-            .lookup_attribute(func)
-            .is_some_and(|id| checker.semantic().binding(id).kind.is_function_definition())
-        {
-            return;
-        }
+        let exception_type = if let Some(id) = checker.semantic().lookup_attribute(func) {
+            match checker.semantic().binding(id).kind {
+                BindingKind::FunctionDefinition(_) => return,
+                BindingKind::ClassDefinition(_) => Some(ExceptionType::Class),
+                BindingKind::Builtin => Some(ExceptionType::Builtin),
+                _ => None,
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
 
         // `ctypes.WinError()` is a function, not a class. It's part of the standard library, so
         // we might as well get it right.
-        if checker
-            .semantic()
-            .resolve_call_path(func)
-            .is_some_and(|call_path| matches!(call_path.as_slice(), ["ctypes", "WinError"]))
+        if exception_type
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_some_and(ExceptionType::is_builtin)
+            && checker
+                .semantic()
+                .resolve_call_path(func)
+                .is_some_and(|call_path| matches!(call_path.as_slice(), ["ctypes", "WinError"]))
         {
             return;
         }
 
         let mut diagnostic = Diagnostic::new(UnnecessaryParenOnRaiseException, arguments.range());
+
         // If the arguments are immediately followed by a `from`, insert whitespace to avoid
         // a syntax error, as in:
         // ```python
@@ -85,13 +100,25 @@ pub(crate) fn unnecessary_paren_on_raise_exception(checker: &mut Checker, expr:
             .next()
             .is_some_and(char::is_alphanumeric)
         {
-            diagnostic.set_fix(Fix::safe_edit(Edit::range_replacement(
-                " ".to_string(),
-                arguments.range(),
-            )));
+            diagnostic.set_fix(if exception_type.is_some() {
+                Fix::safe_edit(Edit::range_replacement(" ".to_string(), arguments.range()))
+            } else {
+                Fix::unsafe_edit(Edit::range_replacement(" ".to_string(), arguments.range()))
+            });
         } else {
-            diagnostic.set_fix(Fix::safe_edit(Edit::range_deletion(arguments.range())));
+            diagnostic.set_fix(if exception_type.is_some() {
+                Fix::safe_edit(Edit::range_deletion(arguments.range()))
+            } else {
+                Fix::unsafe_edit(Edit::range_deletion(arguments.range()))
+            });
         }
+
         checker.diagnostics.push(diagnostic);
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, is_macro::Is)]
+enum ExceptionType {
+    Class,
+    Builtin,
+}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/flake8_raise/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__flake8_raise__tests__unnecessary-paren-on-raise-exception_RSE102.py.snap

@@ -238,6 +238,7 @@ RSE102.py:79:17: RSE102 [*] Unnecessary parentheses on raised exception
    79 |+raise IndexError from ZeroDivisionError
 80 80 | 
 81 81 | raise IndexError();
+82 82 | 
 
 RSE102.py:81:17: RSE102 [*] Unnecessary parentheses on raised exception
    |
@@ -245,6 +246,8 @@ RSE102.py:81:17: RSE102 [*] Unnecessary parentheses on raised exception
 80 | 
 81 | raise IndexError();
    |                 ^^ RSE102
+82 | 
+83 | # RSE102
    |
    = help: Remove unnecessary parentheses
 
@@ -254,5 +257,23 @@ RSE102.py:81:17: RSE102 [*] Unnecessary parentheses on raised exception
 80 80 | 
 81    |-raise IndexError();
    81 |+raise IndexError;
+82 82 | 
+83 83 | # RSE102
+84 84 | raise Foo()
+
+RSE102.py:84:10: RSE102 [*] Unnecessary parentheses on raised exception
+   |
+83 | # RSE102
+84 | raise Foo()
+   |          ^^ RSE102
+   |
+   = help: Remove unnecessary parentheses
+
+ℹ Suggested fix
+81 81 | raise IndexError();
+82 82 | 
+83 83 | # RSE102
+84    |-raise Foo()
+   84 |+raise Foo