Fix PTH123 false positive when open is passed a file descriptor (#13616)

Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/12871

Includes some minor semantic type inference extensions changes to help
with reliably detecting integers

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/flake8_use_pathlib/full_name.py

@@ -46,3 +46,12 @@ open(p, opener=opener)
 open(p, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)
 open(p, 'r', - 1, None, None, None, True, None)
 open(p, 'r', - 1, None, None, None, False, opener)
+
+# Cannot be upgraded `pathlib.Open` does not support fds
+# See https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/12871
+open(1)
+open(1, "w")
+x = 2
+open(x)
+def foo(y: int):
+    open(y)

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/flake8_use_pathlib/rules/replaceable_by_pathlib.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 use ruff_diagnostics::{Diagnostic, DiagnosticKind};
-use ruff_python_ast::{Expr, ExprBooleanLiteral, ExprCall};
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, Expr, ExprBooleanLiteral, ExprCall};
+use ruff_python_semantic::analyze::typing;
+use ruff_python_semantic::SemanticModel;
 use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
 
 use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
@@ -124,6 +126,10 @@ pub(crate) fn replaceable_by_pathlib(checker: &mut Checker, call: &ExprCall) {
                         .arguments
                         .find_argument("opener", 7)
                         .is_some_and(|expr| !expr.is_none_literal_expr())
+                    || call
+                        .arguments
+                        .find_positional(0)
+                        .is_some_and(|expr| is_file_descriptor(expr, checker.semantic()))
                 {
                     return None;
                 }
@@ -159,3 +165,26 @@ pub(crate) fn replaceable_by_pathlib(checker: &mut Checker, call: &ExprCall) {
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// Returns `true` if the given expression looks like a file descriptor, i.e., if it is an integer.
+fn is_file_descriptor(expr: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+    if matches!(
+        expr,
+        Expr::NumberLiteral(ast::ExprNumberLiteral {
+            value: ast::Number::Int(_),
+            ..
+        })
+    ) {
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    let Some(name) = expr.as_name_expr() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    let Some(binding) = semantic.only_binding(name).map(|id| semantic.binding(id)) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    typing::is_int(binding, semantic)
+}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/flake8_use_pathlib/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__flake8_use_pathlib__tests__full_name.py.snap

@@ -317,5 +317,3 @@ full_name.py:47:1: PTH123 `open()` should be replaced by `Path.open()`
    | ^^^^ PTH123
 48 | open(p, 'r', - 1, None, None, None, False, opener)
    |
-
-

crates/ruff_python_semantic/src/analyze/typing.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use ruff_python_stdlib::typing::{
 };
 use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
 
-use crate::analyze::type_inference::{PythonType, ResolvedPythonType};
+use crate::analyze::type_inference::{NumberLike, PythonType, ResolvedPythonType};
 use crate::model::SemanticModel;
 use crate::{Binding, BindingKind, Modules};
 
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ trait BuiltinTypeChecker {
     /// Builtin type name.
     const BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME: &'static str;
     /// Type name as found in the `Typing` module.
-    const TYPING_NAME: &'static str;
+    const TYPING_NAME: Option<&'static str>;
     /// [`PythonType`] associated with the intended type.
     const EXPR_TYPE: PythonType;
 
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ trait BuiltinTypeChecker {
     fn match_annotation(annotation: &Expr, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
         let value = map_subscript(annotation);
         semantic.match_builtin_expr(value, Self::BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME)
-            || semantic.match_typing_expr(value, Self::TYPING_NAME)
+            || Self::TYPING_NAME.is_some_and(|name| semantic.match_typing_expr(value, name))
     }
 
     /// Check initializer expression to match the intended type.
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ struct ListChecker;
 
 impl BuiltinTypeChecker for ListChecker {
     const BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME: &'static str = "list";
-    const TYPING_NAME: &'static str = "List";
+    const TYPING_NAME: Option<&'static str> = Some("List");
     const EXPR_TYPE: PythonType = PythonType::List;
 }
 
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ struct DictChecker;
 
 impl BuiltinTypeChecker for DictChecker {
     const BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME: &'static str = "dict";
-    const TYPING_NAME: &'static str = "Dict";
+    const TYPING_NAME: Option<&'static str> = Some("Dict");
     const EXPR_TYPE: PythonType = PythonType::Dict;
 }
 
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ struct SetChecker;
 
 impl BuiltinTypeChecker for SetChecker {
     const BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME: &'static str = "set";
-    const TYPING_NAME: &'static str = "Set";
+    const TYPING_NAME: Option<&'static str> = Some("Set");
     const EXPR_TYPE: PythonType = PythonType::Set;
 }
 
@@ -648,10 +648,18 @@ struct TupleChecker;
 
 impl BuiltinTypeChecker for TupleChecker {
     const BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME: &'static str = "tuple";
-    const TYPING_NAME: &'static str = "Tuple";
+    const TYPING_NAME: Option<&'static str> = Some("Tuple");
     const EXPR_TYPE: PythonType = PythonType::Tuple;
 }
 
+struct IntChecker;
+
+impl BuiltinTypeChecker for IntChecker {
+    const BUILTIN_TYPE_NAME: &'static str = "int";
+    const TYPING_NAME: Option<&'static str> = None;
+    const EXPR_TYPE: PythonType = PythonType::Number(NumberLike::Integer);
+}
+
 pub struct IoBaseChecker;
 
 impl TypeChecker for IoBaseChecker {
@@ -761,6 +769,11 @@ pub fn is_dict(binding: &Binding, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
     check_type::<DictChecker>(binding, semantic)
 }
 
+/// Test whether the given binding can be considered an integer.
+pub fn is_int(binding: &Binding, semantic: &SemanticModel) -> bool {
+    check_type::<IntChecker>(binding, semantic)
+}
+
 /// Test whether the given binding can be considered a set.
 ///
 /// For this, we check what value might be associated with it through it's initialization and