[pylint] Detect pathlib.Path.open calls in unspecified-encoding (PLW1514) (#11288)

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## Summary

Resolves #11263

Detect `pathlib.Path.open` calls which do not specify a file encoding.

## Test Plan

Test cases added to fixture.

---------

Co-authored-by: Dhruv Manilawala <dhruvmanila@gmail.com>

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/pylint/unspecified_encoding.py

@@ -69,3 +69,28 @@ open(
     (("test.txt")),
     # comment
 )
+
+# pathlib
+from pathlib import Path
+
+# Errors.
+Path("foo.txt").open()
+Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+
+# Non-errors.
+Path("foo.txt").open(encoding="utf-8")
+Path("foo.txt").open("wb")
+Path("foo.txt").open(*args)
+Path("foo.txt").open(**kwargs)
+text = Path("foo.txt").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+text = Path("foo.txt").read_text(*args)
+text = Path("foo.txt").read_text(**kwargs)
+Path("foo.txt").write_text(text, encoding="utf-8")
+Path("foo.txt").write_text(text, *args)
+Path("foo.txt").write_text(text, **kwargs)
+
+# Violation but not detectable
+x = Path("foo.txt")
+x.open()

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/rules/unspecified_encoding.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
+use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
+
 use anyhow::Result;
 
-use ast::StringLiteralFlags;
 use ruff_diagnostics::{AlwaysFixableViolation, Diagnostic, Fix};
 use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
-use ruff_python_ast as ast;
 use ruff_python_ast::name::QualifiedName;
-use ruff_python_ast::Expr;
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, Expr, StringLiteralFlags};
+use ruff_python_semantic::SemanticModel;
 use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange};
 
 use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ use crate::settings::types::PythonVersion;
 #[violation]
 pub struct UnspecifiedEncoding {
     function_name: String,
-    mode: Mode,
+    mode: ModeArgument,
 }
 
 impl AlwaysFixableViolation for UnspecifiedEncoding {
@@ -55,10 +56,10 @@ impl AlwaysFixableViolation for UnspecifiedEncoding {
         } = self;
 
         match mode {
-            Mode::Supported => {
+            ModeArgument::Supported => {
                 format!("`{function_name}` in text mode without explicit `encoding` argument")
             }
-            Mode::Unsupported => {
+            ModeArgument::Unsupported => {
                 format!("`{function_name}` without explicit `encoding` argument")
             }
         }
@@ -71,11 +72,9 @@ impl AlwaysFixableViolation for UnspecifiedEncoding {
 
 /// PLW1514
 pub(crate) fn unspecified_encoding(checker: &mut Checker, call: &ast::ExprCall) {
-    let Some((function_name, mode)) = checker
+    let Some((function_name, mode)) = Callee::try_from_call_expression(call, checker.semantic())
-        .semantic()
+        .filter(|segments| is_violation(call, segments))
-        .resolve_qualified_name(&call.func)
+        .map(|segments| (segments.to_string(), segments.mode_argument()))
-        .filter(|qualified_name| is_violation(call, qualified_name))
-        .map(|qualified_name| (qualified_name.to_string(), Mode::from(&qualified_name)))
     else {
         return;
     };
@@ -97,6 +96,68 @@ pub(crate) fn unspecified_encoding(checker: &mut Checker, call: &ast::ExprCall)
     checker.diagnostics.push(diagnostic);
 }
 
+/// Represents the path of the function or method being called.
+enum Callee<'a> {
+    /// Fully-qualified symbol name of the callee.
+    Qualified(QualifiedName<'a>),
+    /// Attribute value for the `pathlib.Path(...)` call e.g., `open` in
+    /// `pathlib.Path(...).open(...)`.
+    Pathlib(&'a str),
+}
+
+impl<'a> Callee<'a> {
+    fn try_from_call_expression(
+        call: &'a ast::ExprCall,
+        semantic: &'a SemanticModel,
+    ) -> Option<Self> {
+        if let Expr::Attribute(ast::ExprAttribute { attr, value, .. }) = call.func.as_ref() {
+            // Check for `pathlib.Path(...).open(...)` or equivalent
+            if let Expr::Call(ast::ExprCall { func, .. }) = value.as_ref() {
+                if semantic
+                    .resolve_qualified_name(func)
+                    .is_some_and(|qualified_name| {
+                        matches!(qualified_name.segments(), ["pathlib", "Path"])
+                    })
+                {
+                    return Some(Callee::Pathlib(attr));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(qualified_name) = semantic.resolve_qualified_name(&call.func) {
+            return Some(Callee::Qualified(qualified_name));
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn mode_argument(&self) -> ModeArgument {
+        match self {
+            Callee::Qualified(qualified_name) => match qualified_name.segments() {
+                ["" | "codecs" | "_io", "open"] => ModeArgument::Supported,
+                ["tempfile", "TemporaryFile" | "NamedTemporaryFile" | "SpooledTemporaryFile"] => {
+                    ModeArgument::Supported
+                }
+                ["io" | "_io", "TextIOWrapper"] => ModeArgument::Unsupported,
+                _ => ModeArgument::Unsupported,
+            },
+            Callee::Pathlib(attr) => match *attr {
+                "open" => ModeArgument::Supported,
+                _ => ModeArgument::Unsupported,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Callee<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Callee::Qualified(qualified_name) => f.write_str(&qualified_name.to_string()),
+            Callee::Pathlib(attr) => f.write_str(&format!("pathlib.Path(...).{attr}")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Generate an [`Edit`] for Python 3.10 and later.
 fn generate_keyword_fix(checker: &Checker, call: &ast::ExprCall) -> Fix {
     Fix::unsafe_edit(add_argument(
@@ -146,7 +207,7 @@ fn is_binary_mode(expr: &Expr) -> Option<bool> {
 }
 
 /// Returns `true` if the given call lacks an explicit `encoding`.
-fn is_violation(call: &ast::ExprCall, qualified_name: &QualifiedName) -> bool {
+fn is_violation(call: &ast::ExprCall, qualified_name: &Callee) -> bool {
     // If we have something like `*args`, which might contain the encoding argument, abort.
     if call.arguments.args.iter().any(Expr::is_starred_expr) {
         return false;
@@ -160,54 +221,61 @@ fn is_violation(call: &ast::ExprCall, qualified_name: &QualifiedName) -> bool {
     {
         return false;
     }
-    match qualified_name.segments() {
+    match qualified_name {
-        ["" | "codecs" | "_io", "open"] => {
+        Callee::Qualified(qualified_name) => match qualified_name.segments() {
-            if let Some(mode_arg) = call.arguments.find_argument("mode", 1) {
+            ["" | "codecs" | "_io", "open"] => {
-                if is_binary_mode(mode_arg).unwrap_or(true) {
+                if let Some(mode_arg) = call.arguments.find_argument("mode", 1) {
-                    // binary mode or unknown mode is no violation
+                    if is_binary_mode(mode_arg).unwrap_or(true) {
+                        // binary mode or unknown mode is no violation
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                // else mode not specified, defaults to text mode
+                call.arguments.find_argument("encoding", 3).is_none()
+            }
+            ["tempfile", tempfile_class @ ("TemporaryFile" | "NamedTemporaryFile" | "SpooledTemporaryFile")] =>
+            {
+                let mode_pos = usize::from(*tempfile_class == "SpooledTemporaryFile");
+                if let Some(mode_arg) = call.arguments.find_argument("mode", mode_pos) {
+                    if is_binary_mode(mode_arg).unwrap_or(true) {
+                        // binary mode or unknown mode is no violation
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // defaults to binary mode
                     return false;
                 }
+                call.arguments
+                    .find_argument("encoding", mode_pos + 2)
+                    .is_none()
             }
-            // else mode not specified, defaults to text mode
+            ["io" | "_io", "TextIOWrapper"] => {
-            call.arguments.find_argument("encoding", 3).is_none()
+                call.arguments.find_argument("encoding", 1).is_none()
-        }
+            }
-        ["tempfile", "TemporaryFile" | "NamedTemporaryFile" | "SpooledTemporaryFile"] => {
+            _ => false,
-            let mode_pos = usize::from(qualified_name.segments()[1] == "SpooledTemporaryFile");
+        },
-            if let Some(mode_arg) = call.arguments.find_argument("mode", mode_pos) {
+        Callee::Pathlib(attr) => match *attr {
-                if is_binary_mode(mode_arg).unwrap_or(true) {
+            "open" => {
-                    // binary mode or unknown mode is no violation
+                if let Some(mode_arg) = call.arguments.find_argument("mode", 0) {
-                    return false;
+                    if is_binary_mode(mode_arg).unwrap_or(true) {
+                        // binary mode or unknown mode is no violation
+                        return false;
+                    }
                 }
-            } else {
+                // else mode not specified, defaults to text mode
-                // defaults to binary mode
+                call.arguments.find_argument("encoding", 2).is_none()
-                return false;
             }
-            call.arguments
+            "read_text" => call.arguments.find_argument("encoding", 0).is_none(),
-                .find_argument("encoding", mode_pos + 2)
+            "write_text" => call.arguments.find_argument("encoding", 1).is_none(),
-                .is_none()
+            _ => false,
-        }
+        },
-        ["io" | "_io", "TextIOWrapper"] => call.arguments.find_argument("encoding", 1).is_none(),
-        _ => false,
     }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-enum Mode {
+enum ModeArgument {
     /// The call supports a `mode` argument.
     Supported,
     /// The call does not support a `mode` argument.
     Unsupported,
 }
-
-impl From<&QualifiedName<'_>> for Mode {
-    fn from(value: &QualifiedName<'_>) -> Self {
-        match value.segments() {
-            ["" | "codecs" | "_io", "open"] => Mode::Supported,
-            ["tempfile", "TemporaryFile" | "NamedTemporaryFile" | "SpooledTemporaryFile"] => {
-                Mode::Supported
-            }
-            ["io" | "_io", "TextIOWrapper"] => Mode::Unsupported,
-            _ => Mode::Unsupported,
-        }
-    }
-}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__pylint__tests__PLW1514_unspecified_encoding.py.snap

@@ -352,5 +352,86 @@ unspecified_encoding.py:68:1: PLW1514 [*] `open` in text mode without explicit `
    69 |+    (("test.txt")), encoding="locale",
 70 70 |     # comment
 71 71 | )
+72 72 | 
 
+unspecified_encoding.py:77:1: PLW1514 [*] `pathlib.Path(...).open` in text mode without explicit `encoding` argument
+   |
+76 | # Errors.
+77 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PLW1514
+78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+   |
+   = help: Add explicit `encoding` argument
 
+ℹ Unsafe fix
+74 74 | from pathlib import Path
+75 75 | 
+76 76 | # Errors.
+77    |-Path("foo.txt").open()
+   77 |+Path("foo.txt").open(encoding="locale")
+78 78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79 79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+80 80 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+
+unspecified_encoding.py:78:1: PLW1514 [*] `pathlib.Path(...).open` in text mode without explicit `encoding` argument
+   |
+76 | # Errors.
+77 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PLW1514
+79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+80 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+   |
+   = help: Add explicit `encoding` argument
+
+ℹ Unsafe fix
+75 75 | 
+76 76 | # Errors.
+77 77 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+78    |-Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+   78 |+Path("foo.txt").open("w", encoding="locale")
+79 79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+80 80 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+81 81 | 
+
+unspecified_encoding.py:79:8: PLW1514 [*] `pathlib.Path(...).read_text` without explicit `encoding` argument
+   |
+77 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+   |        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PLW1514
+80 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+   |
+   = help: Add explicit `encoding` argument
+
+ℹ Unsafe fix
+76 76 | # Errors.
+77 77 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+78 78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79    |-text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+   79 |+text = Path("foo.txt").read_text(encoding="locale")
+80 80 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+81 81 | 
+82 82 | # Non-errors.
+
+unspecified_encoding.py:80:1: PLW1514 [*] `pathlib.Path(...).write_text` without explicit `encoding` argument
+   |
+78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+80 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PLW1514
+81 | 
+82 | # Non-errors.
+   |
+   = help: Add explicit `encoding` argument
+
+ℹ Unsafe fix
+77 77 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+78 78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79 79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+80    |-Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+   80 |+Path("foo.txt").write_text(text, encoding="locale")
+81 81 | 
+82 82 | # Non-errors.
+83 83 | Path("foo.txt").open(encoding="utf-8")

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__pylint__tests__unspecified_encoding_python39_or_lower.snap

@@ -473,5 +473,104 @@ unspecified_encoding.py:68:1: PLW1514 [*] `open` in text mode without explicit `
    70 |+    (("test.txt")), encoding=locale.getpreferredencoding(False),
 70 71 |     # comment
 71 72 | )
+72 73 | 
 
+unspecified_encoding.py:77:1: PLW1514 [*] `pathlib.Path(...).open` in text mode without explicit `encoding` argument
+   |
+76 | # Errors.
+77 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PLW1514
+78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+   |
+   = help: Add explicit `encoding` argument
 
+ℹ Unsafe fix
+72 72 | 
+73 73 | # pathlib
+74 74 | from pathlib import Path
+   75 |+import locale
+75 76 | 
+76 77 | # Errors.
+77    |-Path("foo.txt").open()
+   78 |+Path("foo.txt").open(encoding=locale.getpreferredencoding(False))
+78 79 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79 80 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+80 81 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+
+unspecified_encoding.py:78:1: PLW1514 [*] `pathlib.Path(...).open` in text mode without explicit `encoding` argument
+   |
+76 | # Errors.
+77 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PLW1514
+79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+80 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+   |
+   = help: Add explicit `encoding` argument
+
+ℹ Unsafe fix
+72 72 | 
+73 73 | # pathlib
+74 74 | from pathlib import Path
+   75 |+import locale
+75 76 | 
+76 77 | # Errors.
+77 78 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+78    |-Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+   79 |+Path("foo.txt").open("w", encoding=locale.getpreferredencoding(False))
+79 80 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+80 81 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+81 82 | 
+
+unspecified_encoding.py:79:8: PLW1514 [*] `pathlib.Path(...).read_text` without explicit `encoding` argument
+   |
+77 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+   |        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PLW1514
+80 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+   |
+   = help: Add explicit `encoding` argument
+
+ℹ Unsafe fix
+72 72 | 
+73 73 | # pathlib
+74 74 | from pathlib import Path
+   75 |+import locale
+75 76 | 
+76 77 | # Errors.
+77 78 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+78 79 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79    |-text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+   80 |+text = Path("foo.txt").read_text(encoding=locale.getpreferredencoding(False))
+80 81 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+81 82 | 
+82 83 | # Non-errors.
+
+unspecified_encoding.py:80:1: PLW1514 [*] `pathlib.Path(...).write_text` without explicit `encoding` argument
+   |
+78 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+80 | Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PLW1514
+81 | 
+82 | # Non-errors.
+   |
+   = help: Add explicit `encoding` argument
+
+ℹ Unsafe fix
+72 72 | 
+73 73 | # pathlib
+74 74 | from pathlib import Path
+   75 |+import locale
+75 76 | 
+76 77 | # Errors.
+77 78 | Path("foo.txt").open()
+78 79 | Path("foo.txt").open("w")
+79 80 | text = Path("foo.txt").read_text()
+80    |-Path("foo.txt").write_text(text)
+   81 |+Path("foo.txt").write_text(text, encoding=locale.getpreferredencoding(False))
+81 82 | 
+82 83 | # Non-errors.
+83 84 | Path("foo.txt").open(encoding="utf-8")