[red-knot] Fix gradual equivalence for callable types (#16887)

## Summary

As mentioned in
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/16698#discussion_r2004920075,
part of #15382, this PR updates the `is_gradual_equivalent_to`
implementation between callable types to be similar to
`is_equivalent_to` and checks other attributes of parameters like name,
optionality, and parameter kind.

## Test Plan

Expand the existing test cases to consider other properties but not all
similar to how the tests are structured for subtyping and assignability.

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/type_properties/is_gradual_equivalent_to.md

@@ -68,6 +68,10 @@ static_assert(not is_gradual_equivalent_to(tuple[str, int], tuple[int, str]))
 
 ## Callable
 
+The examples provided below are only a subset of the possible cases and only include the ones with
+gradual types. The cases with fully static types and using different combinations of parameter kinds
+are covered in the [equivalence tests](./is_equivalent_to.md#callable).
+
 ```py
 from knot_extensions import Unknown, CallableTypeFromFunction, is_gradual_equivalent_to, static_assert
 from typing import Any, Callable
@@ -94,7 +98,7 @@ static_assert(is_gradual_equivalent_to(CallableTypeFromFunction[f1], Callable[[]
 And, similarly for parameters with no annotations.
 
 ```py
-def f2(a, b) -> None:
+def f2(a, b, /) -> None:
     return
 
 static_assert(is_gradual_equivalent_to(CallableTypeFromFunction[f2], Callable[[Any, Any], None]))
@@ -115,8 +119,8 @@ static_assert(is_gradual_equivalent_to(CallableTypeFromFunction[variadic_without
 static_assert(is_gradual_equivalent_to(CallableTypeFromFunction[variadic_with_annotation], Callable[..., Any]))
 ```
 
-But, a function with either `*args` or `**kwargs` is not gradual equivalent to a callable with `...`
+But, a function with either `*args` or `**kwargs` (and not both) is not gradual equivalent to a
-as the parameter type.
+callable with `...` as the parameter type.
 
 ```py
 def variadic_args(*args):
@@ -129,4 +133,25 @@ static_assert(not is_gradual_equivalent_to(CallableTypeFromFunction[variadic_arg
 static_assert(not is_gradual_equivalent_to(CallableTypeFromFunction[variadic_kwargs], Callable[..., Any]))
 ```
 
+Parameter names, default values, and it's kind should also be considered when checking for gradual
+equivalence.
+
+```py
+def f1(a): ...
+def f2(b): ...
+
+static_assert(not is_gradual_equivalent_to(CallableTypeFromFunction[f1], CallableTypeFromFunction[f2]))
+
+def f3(a=1): ...
+def f4(a=2): ...
+def f5(a): ...
+
+static_assert(is_gradual_equivalent_to(CallableTypeFromFunction[f3], CallableTypeFromFunction[f4]))
+static_assert(not is_gradual_equivalent_to(CallableTypeFromFunction[f3], CallableTypeFromFunction[f5]))
+
+def f6(a, /): ...
+
+static_assert(not is_gradual_equivalent_to(CallableTypeFromFunction[f1], CallableTypeFromFunction[f6]))
+```
+
 [materializations]: https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/glossary.html#term-materialize

crates/red_knot_python_semantic/src/types.rs

@@ -4346,11 +4346,44 @@ impl<'db> GeneralCallableType<'db> {
             .is_some_and(|return_type| return_type.is_fully_static(db))
     }
 
+    /// Return `true` if `self` has exactly the same set of possible static materializations as
+    /// `other` (if `self` represents the same set of possible sets of possible runtime objects as
+    /// `other`).
+    pub(crate) fn is_gradual_equivalent_to(self, db: &'db dyn Db, other: Self) -> bool {
+        self.is_equivalent_to_impl(db, other, |self_type, other_type| {
+            self_type
+                .unwrap_or(Type::unknown())
+                .is_gradual_equivalent_to(db, other_type.unwrap_or(Type::unknown()))
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Return `true` if `self` represents the exact same set of possible runtime objects as `other`.
     pub(crate) fn is_equivalent_to(self, db: &'db dyn Db, other: Self) -> bool {
+        self.is_equivalent_to_impl(db, other, |self_type, other_type| {
+            match (self_type, other_type) {
+                (Some(self_type), Some(other_type)) => self_type.is_equivalent_to(db, other_type),
+                // We need the catch-all case here because it's not guaranteed that this is a fully
+                // static type.
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Implementation for the [`is_equivalent_to`] and [`is_gradual_equivalent_to`] for callable
+    /// types.
+    ///
+    /// [`is_equivalent_to`]: Self::is_equivalent_to
+    /// [`is_gradual_equivalent_to`]: Self::is_gradual_equivalent_to
+    fn is_equivalent_to_impl<F>(self, db: &'db dyn Db, other: Self, check_types: F) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn(Option<Type<'db>>, Option<Type<'db>>) -> bool,
+    {
         let self_signature = self.signature(db);
         let other_signature = other.signature(db);
 
+        // N.B. We don't need to explicitly check for the use of gradual form (`...`) in the
+        // parameters because it is internally represented by adding `*Any` and `**Any` to the
+        // parameter list.
         let self_parameters = self_signature.parameters();
         let other_parameters = other_signature.parameters();
 
@@ -4358,20 +4391,7 @@ impl<'db> GeneralCallableType<'db> {
             return false;
         }
 
-        if self_parameters.is_gradual() || other_parameters.is_gradual() {
+        if !check_types(self_signature.return_ty, other_signature.return_ty) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        // Check equivalence relationship between two optional types. If either of them is `None`,
-        // then it is not a fully static type which means it's not equivalent either.
-        let is_equivalent = |self_type: Option<Type<'db>>, other_type: Option<Type<'db>>| match (
-            self_type, other_type,
-        ) {
-            (Some(self_type), Some(other_type)) => self_type.is_equivalent_to(db, other_type),
-            _ => false,
-        };
-
-        if !is_equivalent(self_signature.return_ty, other_signature.return_ty) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -4419,7 +4439,7 @@ impl<'db> GeneralCallableType<'db> {
                 _ => return false,
             }
 
-            if !is_equivalent(
+            if !check_types(
                 self_parameter.annotated_type(),
                 other_parameter.annotated_type(),
             ) {
@@ -4430,48 +4450,6 @@ impl<'db> GeneralCallableType<'db> {
         true
     }
 
-    /// Return `true` if `self` has exactly the same set of possible static materializations as
-    /// `other` (if `self` represents the same set of possible sets of possible runtime objects as
-    /// `other`).
-    pub(crate) fn is_gradual_equivalent_to(self, db: &'db dyn Db, other: Self) -> bool {
-        let self_signature = self.signature(db);
-        let other_signature = other.signature(db);
-
-        if self_signature.parameters().len() != other_signature.parameters().len() {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        // Check gradual equivalence between the two optional types. In the context of a callable
-        // type, the `None` type represents an `Unknown` type.
-        let are_optional_types_gradually_equivalent =
-            |self_type: Option<Type<'db>>, other_type: Option<Type<'db>>| {
-                self_type
-                    .unwrap_or(Type::unknown())
-                    .is_gradual_equivalent_to(db, other_type.unwrap_or(Type::unknown()))
-            };
-
-        if !are_optional_types_gradually_equivalent(
-            self_signature.return_ty,
-            other_signature.return_ty,
-        ) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        // N.B. We don't need to explicitly check for the use of gradual form (`...`) in the
-        // parameters because it is internally represented by adding `*Any` and `**Any` to the
-        // parameter list.
-        self_signature
-            .parameters()
-            .iter()
-            .zip(other_signature.parameters().iter())
-            .all(|(self_param, other_param)| {
-                are_optional_types_gradually_equivalent(
-                    self_param.annotated_type(),
-                    other_param.annotated_type(),
-                )
-            })
-    }
-
     /// Return `true` if `self` is assignable to `other`.
     pub(crate) fn is_assignable_to(self, db: &'db dyn Db, other: Self) -> bool {
         self.is_assignable_to_impl(db, other, |type1, type2| {
@@ -4483,6 +4461,10 @@ impl<'db> GeneralCallableType<'db> {
     }
 
     /// Return `true` if `self` is a subtype of `other`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `self` or `other` is not a fully static type.
     pub(crate) fn is_subtype_of(self, db: &'db dyn Db, other: Self) -> bool {
         self.is_assignable_to_impl(db, other, |type1, type2| {
             // SAFETY: Subtype relation is only checked for fully static types.