[ty] Support stringified annotations in value-position Annotated instances (#21447)

## Summary

Infer the first argument `type` inside `Annotated[type, …]` as a type
expression. This allows us to support stringified annotations inside
`Annotated`.

## Ecosystem

* The removed diagnostic on `prefect` shows that we now understand the
`State.data` type annotation in
`src/prefect/client/schemas/objects.py:230`, which uses a stringified
annotation in `Annoated`. The other diagnostics are downstream changes
that result from this, it seems to be a commonly used data type.
* `artigraph` does something like `Annotated[cast(Any,
field_info.annotation), *field_info.metadata]` which I'm not sure we
need to allow? It's unfortunate since this is probably supported at
runtime, but it seems reasonable that they need to add a `# type:
ignore` for that.
* `pydantic` uses something like `Annotated[(self.annotation,
*self.metadata)]` but adds a `# type: ignore`

## Test Plan

New Markdown test

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/annotations/annotated.md

@@ -76,7 +76,18 @@ from ty_extensions import reveal_mro
 
 class C(Annotated[int, "foo"]): ...
 
-reveal_mro(C)  # revealed: (<class 'C'>, <class 'int'>, <class 'object'>)
+# revealed: (<class 'C'>, <class 'int'>, <class 'object'>)
+reveal_mro(C)
+
+class D(Annotated[list[str], "foo"]): ...
+
+# revealed: (<class 'D'>, <class 'list[str]'>, <class 'MutableSequence[str]'>, <class 'Sequence[str]'>, <class 'Reversible[str]'>, <class 'Collection[str]'>, <class 'Iterable[str]'>, <class 'Container[str]'>, typing.Protocol, typing.Generic, <class 'object'>)
+reveal_mro(D)
+
+class E(Annotated[list["E"], "metadata"]): ...
+
+# error: [revealed-type] "Revealed MRO: (<class 'E'>, <class 'list[E]'>, <class 'MutableSequence[E]'>, <class 'Sequence[E]'>, <class 'Reversible[E]'>, <class 'Collection[E]'>, <class 'Iterable[E]'>, <class 'Container[E]'>, typing.Protocol, typing.Generic, <class 'object'>)"
+reveal_mro(E)
 ```
 
 ### Not parameterized

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/implicit_type_aliases.md

@@ -974,13 +974,14 @@ We *do* support stringified annotations if they appear in a position where a typ
 syntactically expected:
 
 ```py
-from typing import Union, List, Dict
+from typing import Union, List, Dict, Annotated
 
 ListOfInts1 = list["int"]
 ListOfInts2 = List["int"]
 StrOrStyle = Union[str, "Style"]
 SubclassOfStyle = type["Style"]
 DictStrToStyle = Dict[str, "Style"]
+AnnotatedStyle = Annotated["Style", "metadata"]
 
 class Style: ...
 
@@ -990,12 +991,14 @@ def _(
     str_or_style: StrOrStyle,
     subclass_of_style: SubclassOfStyle,
     dict_str_to_style: DictStrToStyle,
+    annotated_style: AnnotatedStyle,
 ):
     reveal_type(list_of_ints1)  # revealed: list[int]
     reveal_type(list_of_ints2)  # revealed: list[int]
     reveal_type(str_or_style)  # revealed: str | Style
     reveal_type(subclass_of_style)  # revealed: type[Style]
     reveal_type(dict_str_to_style)  # revealed: dict[str, Style]
+    reveal_type(annotated_style)  # revealed: Style
 ```
 
 ## Recursive