ruff

An extremely fast Python linter, written in Rust.

Major features:

• 10-100x faster than your current linter.
• Python 3.10 compatibility.
• ESLint-inspired cache semantics.
• TypeScript-inspired --watch semantics.
• pyproject.toml support.

ruff is a proof-of-concept and not yet intended for production use. It supports only a small subset of the Flake8 rules, and may crash on your codebase.

Installation and usage

Installation

Available as ruff on PyPI:

pip install ruff

Usage

To run ruff, try any of the following:

ruff path/to/code/to/check.py
ruff path/to/code/
ruff path/to/code/*.py

You can run ruff in --watch mode to automatically re-run on-change:

ruff --watch path/to/code/

Configuration

ruff is configurable both via pyproject.toml and the command line.

For example, you could configure ruff to only enforce a subset of rules with:

[tool.ruff]
line-length = 88
select = [
    "F401",
    "F403",
]

Development

ruff is written in Rust:

cargo fmt
cargo clippy
cargo run resources/test/src

Deployment

ruff is distributed on PyPI, and published via maturin:

maturin publish --skip-existing --target x86_64-apple-darwin && \
  maturin publish --skip-existing --target aarch64-apple-darwin

Benchmarking

First, clone CPython. It's a large and diverse Python codebase, which makes it a good target for benchmarking.

git clone --branch 3.10 https://github.com/python/cpython.git resources/test/cpython

Add this pyproject.toml to the directory:

[tool.linter]
line-length = 88
exclude = [
    "Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py",
    "Lib/dataclasses.py",
    "Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/bom.py",
    "Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/crlf.py",
    "Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/different_encoding.py",
    "Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/false_encoding.py",
    "Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/py2_test_grammar.py",
    "Lib/sqlite3/test/factory.py",
    "Lib/sqlite3/test/hooks.py",
    "Lib/sqlite3/test/regression.py",
    "Lib/sqlite3/test/transactions.py",
    "Lib/sqlite3/test/types.py",
    "Lib/test/bad_coding2.py",
    "Lib/test/badsyntax_3131.py",
    "Lib/test/badsyntax_pep3120.py",
    "Lib/test/encoded_modules/module_iso_8859_1.py",
    "Lib/test/encoded_modules/module_koi8_r.py",
    "Lib/test/sortperf.py",
    "Lib/test/test_email/torture_test.py",
    "Lib/test/test_fstring.py",
    "Lib/test/test_genericpath.py",
    "Lib/test/test_getopt.py",
    "Lib/test/test_grammar.py",
    "Lib/test/test_htmlparser.py",
    "Lib/test/test_importlib/stubs.py",
    "Lib/test/test_importlib/test_files.py",
    "Lib/test/test_importlib/test_metadata_api.py",
    "Lib/test/test_importlib/test_open.py",
    "Lib/test/test_importlib/test_util.py",
    "Lib/test/test_named_expressions.py",
    "Lib/test/test_patma.py",
    "Lib/test/test_peg_generator/__main__.py",
    "Lib/test/test_pipes.py",
    "Lib/test/test_source_encoding.py",
    "Lib/test/test_weakref.py",
    "Lib/test/test_webbrowser.py",
    "Lib/tkinter/__main__.py",
    "Lib/tkinter/test/test_tkinter/test_variables.py",
    "Modules/_decimal/libmpdec/literature/fnt.py",
    "Modules/_decimal/tests/deccheck.py",
    "Tools/c-analyzer/c_parser/parser/_delim.py",
    "Tools/i18n/pygettext.py",
    "Tools/test2to3/maintest.py",
    "Tools/test2to3/setup.py",
    "Tools/test2to3/test/test_foo.py",
    "Tools/test2to3/test2to3/hello.py",
]

Next, to benchmark the release build:

cargo build --release

hyperfine --ignore-failure --warmup 5 \
  "./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/ --no-cache" \
  "./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/"

Benchmark 1: ./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/ --no-cache
  Time (mean ± σ):     353.6 ms ±   7.6 ms    [User: 2868.8 ms, System: 171.5 ms]
  Range (min … max):   344.4 ms … 367.3 ms    10 runs

Benchmark 2: ./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/
  Time (mean ± σ):      59.6 ms ±   2.5 ms    [User: 36.4 ms, System: 345.6 ms]
  Range (min … max):    55.9 ms …  67.0 ms    48 runs

To benchmark the ecosystem's existing tools:

python -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
pip install pylint pycodestyle flake8 autoflake pyflakes

hyperfine --ignore-failure --warmup 5 \
  "./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/ --no-cache" \
  "./target/release/ruff ./resources/test/cpython/" \
  "pycodestyle resources/test/cpython" \
  "pyflakes resources/test/cpython" \
  "flake8 resources/test/cpython" \
  "autoflake --recursive --expand-star-imports --remove-all-unused-imports --remove-unused-variables --remove-duplicate-keys resources/test/cpython" \
  "pylint --recursive=y resources/test/cpython/" \
  "pycodestyle --select E501 resources/test/cpython" \
  "flake8 --select=F831,F541,F634,F403,F706,F901,E501 resources/test/cpython" \
  "python -m run_flake8 resources/test/cpython --select=F831,F541,F634,F403,F706,F901,E501" \
  "python -m run_flake8 resources/test/cpython" 

∴ hyperfine --ignore-failure --warmup 5 \
→   "pycodestyle resources/test/cpython" \
→   "pyflakes resources/test/cpython" \
→   "flake8 resources/test/cpython" \
→   "autoflake --recursive --expand-star-imports --remove-all-unused-imports --remove-unused-variables --remove-duplicate-keys resources/test/cpython" \
→   "pylint --recursive=y resources/test/cpython/" \
→   "pycodestyle --select E501 resources/test/cpython" \
→   "flake8 --select=F831,F541,F634,F403,F706,F901,E501 resources/test/cpython" \
→   "python -m run_flake8 resources/test/cpython --select=F831,F541,F634,F403,F706,F901,E501" \
→   "python -m run_flake8 resources/test/cpython"
Benchmark 1: pycodestyle resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     41.921 s ±  1.409 s    [User: 41.451 s, System: 0.194 s]
  Range (min … max):   41.182 s … 45.894 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.
  Warning: Statistical outliers were detected. Consider re-running this benchmark on a quiet PC without any interferences from other programs. It might help to use the '--warmup' or '--prepare' options.

Benchmark 2: pyflakes resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     27.960 s ±  1.251 s    [User: 27.491 s, System: 0.236 s]
  Range (min … max):   26.449 s … 29.899 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 3: flake8 resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     75.320 s ±  0.909 s    [User: 74.625 s, System: 0.610 s]
  Range (min … max):   74.181 s … 77.336 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 4: autoflake --recursive --expand-star-imports --remove-all-unused-imports --remove-unused-variables --remove-duplicate-keys resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     32.690 s ±  0.585 s    [User: 32.300 s, System: 0.296 s]
  Range (min … max):   31.948 s … 33.326 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 5: pylint --recursive=y resources/test/cpython/
  Time (mean ± σ):     27.592 s ±  0.227 s    [User: 26.627 s, System: 0.911 s]
  Range (min … max):   27.325 s … 27.955 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 6: pycodestyle --select E501 resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     14.540 s ±  0.156 s    [User: 14.397 s, System: 0.121 s]
  Range (min … max):   14.384 s … 14.920 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 7: flake8 --select=F831,F541,F634,F403,F706,F901,E501 resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     75.391 s ±  0.600 s    [User: 74.642 s, System: 0.591 s]
  Range (min … max):   74.458 s … 76.550 s    10 runs

  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.

Benchmark 8: python -m run_flake8 resources/test/cpython --select=F831,F541,F634,F403,F706,F901,E501
  Time (mean ± σ):     12.542 s ±  0.467 s    [User: 87.891 s, System: 0.816 s]
  Range (min … max):   11.771 s … 13.034 s    10 runs

Benchmark 9: python -m run_flake8 resources/test/cpython
  Time (mean ± σ):     12.276 s ±  0.398 s    [User: 86.720 s, System: 0.792 s]
  Range (min … max):   11.809 s … 12.865 s    10 runs

Summary
  'python -m run_flake8 resources/test/cpython' ran
    1.02 ± 0.05 times faster than 'python -m run_flake8 resources/test/cpython --select=F831,F541,F634,F403,F706,F901,E501'
    1.18 ± 0.04 times faster than 'pycodestyle --select E501 resources/test/cpython'
    2.25 ± 0.08 times faster than 'pylint --recursive=y resources/test/cpython/'
    2.28 ± 0.13 times faster than 'pyflakes resources/test/cpython'
    2.66 ± 0.10 times faster than 'autoflake --recursive --expand-star-imports --remove-all-unused-imports --remove-unused-variables --remove-duplicate-keys resources/test/cpython'
    3.41 ± 0.16 times faster than 'pycodestyle resources/test/cpython'
    6.14 ± 0.21 times faster than 'flake8 resources/test/cpython'
    6.14 ± 0.21 times faster than 'flake8 --select=F831,F541,F634,F403,F706,F901,E501 resources/test/cpython'

License

MIT