feat: introduce more docker tags for uv (#6053)

## Summary

Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/5610

This PR introduces additional images with the uv/uvx binaries from
scratch for both amd64/arm64 and make the mapping easy to configure by
generating the Dockerfile on the fly. This approach focuses on
minimizing CI time by taking advantage of dedicating a worker per
mapping (20-30s~ per job).

This PR also fixes `org.opencontainers.image.version` for all tags
(including the one from `scratch) to contain the right release version
instead of branch name `main` (default when no tag patterns are
specified).

For example, on release `x.y.z`, this will publish the following image
tags with format `ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:{tag}` with manifests for both
amd64/arm64. This also include `x.y` tags for each respective additional
tag.

* From **scratch**: `latest`, `x.y.z`, `x.y` (currently being published)
* From **alpine:3.20**: `alpine`, `alpine3.20`, `x.y.z-alpine`,
`x.y.z-alpine3.20`
* From **debian:bookworm-slim**: `debian-slim`, `bookworm-slim`,
`x.y.z-debian-slim`, `x.y.z-bookworm-slim`
* From **buildpack-deps:bookworm**: `debian`, `bookworm`,
`x.y.z-debian`, `x.y.z-bookworm`
* From **python:3.12-alpine**: `python3.12-alpine`,
`x.y.z-python3.12-alpine`
* From **python:3.11-alpine**: `python3.11-alpine`,
`x.y.z-python3.11-alpine`
* From **python:3.10-alpine**: `python3.10-alpine`,
`x.y.z-python3.10-alpine`
* From **python:3.9-alpine**: `python3.9-alpine`,
`x.y.z-python3.9-alpine`
* From **python:3.8-alpine**: `python3.8-alpine`,
`x.y.z-python3.8-alpine`
* From **python:3.12-bookworm**: `python3.12-bookworm`,
`x.y.z-python3.12-bookworm`
* From **python:3.11-bookworm**: `python3.11-bookworm`,
`x.y.z-python3.11-bookworm`
* From **python:3.10-bookworm**: `python3.10-bookworm`,
`x.y.z-python3.10-bookworm`
* From **python:3.9-bookworm**: `python3.9-bookworm`,
`x.y.z-python3.9-bookworm`
* From **python:3.8-bookworm**: `python3.8-bookworm`,
`x.y.z-python3.8-bookworm`
* From **python:3.12-slim-bookworm**: `python3.12-slim-bookworm`,
`x.y.z-python3.12-slim-bookworm`
* From **python:3.11-slim-bookworm**: `python3.11-slim-bookworm`,
`x.y.z-python3.11-slim-bookworm`
* From **python:3.10-slim-bookworm**: `python3.10-slim-bookworm`,
`x.y.z-python3.10-slim-bookworm`
* From **python:3.9-slim-bookworm**: `python3.9-slim-bookworm`,
`x.y.z-python3.9-slim-bookworm`
* From **python:3.8-slim-bookworm**: `python3.8-slim-bookworm`,
`x.y.z-python3.8-slim-bookworm`

docs/guides/integration/docker.md

@@ -24,12 +24,84 @@ uv builds and publishes the following Docker tags:
 - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}`, e.g., `uv:0.4.3`
 - `uv:{major}.{minor}`, e.g., `uv:0.4` (the latest patch version)
 
+In addition, uv builds and publishes these additional tags:
+
+- Based on `alpine:3.20`:
+  - `uv:alpine`
+  - `uv:alpine3.20`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-alpine3.20`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-alpine3.20`
+- Based on `debian:bookworm-slim`:
+  - `uv:debian-slim`
+  - `uv:bookworm-slim`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-debian-slim`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-bookworm-slim`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-debian-slim`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-bookworm-slim`
+- Based on `buildpack-deps:bookworm`:
+  - `uv:debian`
+  - `uv:bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-debian`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-debian`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-bookworm`
+- Based on `python3.x-alpine`:
+  - `uv:python3.12-alpine`
+  - `uv:python3.11-alpine`
+  - `uv:python3.10-alpine`
+  - `uv:python3.9-alpine`
+  - `uv:python3.8-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.12-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.11-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.10-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.9-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.8-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.12-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.11-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.10-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.9-alpine`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.8-alpine`
+- Based on `python3.x-bookworm`:
+  - `uv:python3.12-bookworm`
+  - `uv:python3.11-bookworm`
+  - `uv:python3.10-bookworm`
+  - `uv:python3.9-bookworm`
+  - `uv:python3.8-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.12-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.11-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.10-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.9-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.8-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.12-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.11-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.10-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.9-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.8-bookworm`
+- Based on `python3.x-slim-bookworm`:
+  - `uv:python3.12-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:python3.11-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:python3.10-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:python3.9-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:python3.8-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.12-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.11-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.10-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.9-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}-python3.8-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.12-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.11-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.10-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.9-slim-bookworm`
+  - `uv:{major}.{minor}.{patch}-python3.8-slim-bookworm`
+
 For more details, see the [GitHub Container](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/pkgs/container/uv)
 page.
 
 ### Installing uv
 
-uv can be installed by copying from the official Docker image:
+uv can also be installed by copying from the official distroless Docker image:
 
 ```dockerfile title="Dockerfile"
 FROM python:3.12-slim-bookworm