diff --git a/crates/uv-build-frontend/src/error.rs b/crates/uv-build-frontend/src/error.rs
index 24bfa972a..580690600 100644
--- a/crates/uv-build-frontend/src/error.rs
+++ b/crates/uv-build-frontend/src/error.rs
@@ -91,6 +91,10 @@ pub enum Error {
     NoSourceDistBuilds,
     #[error("Cyclic build dependency detected for `{0}`")]
     CyclicBuildDependency(PackageName),
+    #[error(
+        "Extra build requirement `{0}` was declared with `match-runtime = true`, but `{1}` does not declare static metadata, making runtime-matching impossible"
+    )]
+    UnmatchedRuntime(PackageName, PackageName),
 }
 
 impl IsBuildBackendError for Error {
@@ -106,7 +110,8 @@ impl IsBuildBackendError for Error {
             | Self::Virtualenv(_)
             | Self::NoSourceDistBuild(_)
             | Self::NoSourceDistBuilds
-            | Self::CyclicBuildDependency(_) => false,
+            | Self::CyclicBuildDependency(_)
+            | Self::UnmatchedRuntime(_, _) => false,
             Self::CommandFailed(_, _)
             | Self::BuildBackend(_)
             | Self::MissingHeader(_)
diff --git a/crates/uv-build-frontend/src/lib.rs b/crates/uv-build-frontend/src/lib.rs
index 20d7c7cd3..430de4f65 100644
--- a/crates/uv-build-frontend/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/uv-build-frontend/src/lib.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ use uv_configuration::Preview;
 use uv_configuration::{BuildKind, BuildOutput, SourceStrategy};
 use uv_distribution::BuildRequires;
 use uv_distribution_types::{
-    ConfigSettings, ExtraBuildRequires, IndexLocations, Requirement, Resolution,
+    ConfigSettings, ExtraBuildRequirement, ExtraBuildRequires, IndexLocations, Requirement,
+    Resolution,
 };
 use uv_fs::LockedFile;
 use uv_fs::{PythonExt, Simplified};
@@ -326,13 +327,28 @@ impl SourceBuild {
             .or(fallback_package_version)
             .cloned();
 
-        let extra_build_dependencies: Vec<Requirement> = package_name
+        let extra_build_dependencies = package_name
             .as_ref()
             .and_then(|name| extra_build_requires.get(name).cloned())
             .unwrap_or_default()
             .into_iter()
-            .map(Requirement::from)
-            .collect();
+            .map(|requirement| {
+                match requirement {
+                    ExtraBuildRequirement {
+                        requirement,
+                        match_runtime: true,
+                    } if requirement.source.is_empty() => {
+                        Err(Error::UnmatchedRuntime(
+                            requirement.name.clone(),
+                            // SAFETY: if `package_name` is `None`, the iterator is empty.
+                            package_name.clone().unwrap(),
+                        ))
+                    }
+                    requirement => Ok(requirement),
+                }
+            })
+            .map_ok(Requirement::from)
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
 
         // Create a virtual environment, or install into the shared environment if requested.
         let venv = if let Some(venv) = build_isolation.shared_environment(package_name.as_ref()) {
diff --git a/crates/uv-dispatch/src/lib.rs b/crates/uv-dispatch/src/lib.rs
index 8711e62d8..2817b7054 100644
--- a/crates/uv-dispatch/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/uv-dispatch/src/lib.rs
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ impl BuildContext for BuildDispatch<'_> {
             self.workspace_cache(),
             config_settings,
             self.build_isolation,
-            self.extra_build_requires(),
+            self.extra_build_requires,
             &build_stack,
             build_kind,
             environment_variables,
diff --git a/crates/uv/tests/it/sync.rs b/crates/uv/tests/it/sync.rs
index c0e9dfb18..cd398a82d 100644
--- a/crates/uv/tests/it/sync.rs
+++ b/crates/uv/tests/it/sync.rs
@@ -13089,3 +13089,36 @@ fn sync_extra_build_variables() -> Result<()> {
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn reject_unmatched_runtime() -> Result<()> {
+    let context = TestContext::new("3.12").with_exclude_newer("2025-01-01T00:00Z");
+
+    let pyproject_toml = context.temp_dir.child("pyproject.toml");
+    pyproject_toml.write_str(
+        r#"
+         [project]
+        name = "foo"
+        version = "0.1.0"
+        requires-python = ">=3.12"
+        dependencies = ["source-distribution", "iniconfig"]
+
+        [tool.uv.extra-build-dependencies]
+        source-distribution = [{ requirement = "iniconfig", match-runtime = true }]
+        "#,
+    )?;
+
+    uv_snapshot!(context.filters(), context.lock(), @r"
+    success: false
+    exit_code: 1
+    ----- stdout -----
+
+    ----- stderr -----
+    warning: The `extra-build-dependencies` option is experimental and may change without warning. Pass `--preview-features extra-build-dependencies` to disable this warning.
+      × Failed to download and build `source-distribution==0.0.3`
+      ╰─▶ Extra build requirement `iniconfig` was declared with `match-runtime = true`, but `source-distribution` does not declare static metadata, making runtime-matching impossible
+      help: `source-distribution` (v0.0.3) was included because `foo` (v0.1.0) depends on `source-distribution`
+    ");
+
+    Ok(())
+}