Enable extra build dependencies to 'match runtime' versions (#15036)

## Summary

This is an alternative to https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/pull/14944
that functions a little differently. Rather than adding separate
strategies, you can instead say:

```toml
[tool.uv.extra-build-dependencies]
child = [{ requirement = "anyio", match-runtime = true }]
```

Which will then enforce that `anyio` uses the same version as in the
lockfile.

crates/uv-build-frontend/src/lib.rs

@@ -328,6 +328,7 @@ impl SourceBuild {
             .and_then(|name| extra_build_requires.get(name).cloned())
             .unwrap_or_default()
             .into_iter()
+            .map(Requirement::from)
             .collect();
 
         // Create a virtual environment, or install into the shared environment if requested.

crates/uv-distribution-types/src/build_requires.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
+use uv_cache_key::{CacheKey, CacheKeyHasher};
 use uv_normalize::PackageName;
 
-use crate::Requirement;
+use crate::{Name, Requirement, RequirementSource, Resolution};
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum ExtraBuildRequiresError {
+    #[error(
+        "`{0}` was declared as an extra build dependency with `match-runtime = true`, but was not found in the resolution"
+    )]
+    NotFound(PackageName),
+}
 
 /// Lowered extra build dependencies with source resolution applied.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
-pub struct ExtraBuildRequires(BTreeMap<PackageName, Vec<Requirement>>);
+pub struct ExtraBuildRequires(BTreeMap<PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildRequirement>>);
 
 impl std::ops::Deref for ExtraBuildRequires {
-    type Target = BTreeMap<PackageName, Vec<Requirement>>;
+    type Target = BTreeMap<PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildRequirement>>;
 
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         &self.0
@@ -23,16 +32,78 @@ impl std::ops::DerefMut for ExtraBuildRequires {
 }
 
 impl IntoIterator for ExtraBuildRequires {
-    type Item = (PackageName, Vec<Requirement>);
-    type IntoIter = std::collections::btree_map::IntoIter<PackageName, Vec<Requirement>>;
+    type Item = (PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildRequirement>);
+    type IntoIter = std::collections::btree_map::IntoIter<PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildRequirement>>;
 
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
         self.0.into_iter()
     }
 }
 
-impl FromIterator<(PackageName, Vec<Requirement>)> for ExtraBuildRequires {
-    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = (PackageName, Vec<Requirement>)>>(iter: T) -> Self {
+impl FromIterator<(PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildRequirement>)> for ExtraBuildRequires {
+    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = (PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildRequirement>)>>(
+        iter: T,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self(iter.into_iter().collect())
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ExtraBuildRequirement {
+    /// The underlying [`Requirement`] for the build requirement.
+    pub requirement: Requirement,
+    /// Whether this build requirement should match the runtime environment.
+    pub match_runtime: bool,
+}
+
+impl From<ExtraBuildRequirement> for Requirement {
+    fn from(value: ExtraBuildRequirement) -> Self {
+        value.requirement
+    }
+}
+
+impl CacheKey for ExtraBuildRequirement {
+    fn cache_key(&self, state: &mut CacheKeyHasher) {
+        self.requirement.cache_key(state);
+        self.match_runtime.cache_key(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExtraBuildRequires {
+    /// Apply runtime constraints from a resolution to the extra build requirements.
+    pub fn match_runtime(
+        self,
+        resolution: &Resolution,
+    ) -> Result<ExtraBuildRequires, ExtraBuildRequiresError> {
+        self.into_iter()
+            .map(|(name, requirements)| {
+                let requirements = requirements
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|requirement| match requirement {
+                        ExtraBuildRequirement {
+                            requirement,
+                            match_runtime: true,
+                        } => {
+                            let dist = resolution
+                                .distributions()
+                                .find(|dist| dist.name() == &requirement.name)
+                                .ok_or_else(|| {
+                                    ExtraBuildRequiresError::NotFound(requirement.name.clone())
+                                })?;
+                            let requirement = Requirement {
+                                source: RequirementSource::from(dist),
+                                ..requirement
+                            };
+                            Ok::<_, ExtraBuildRequiresError>(ExtraBuildRequirement {
+                                requirement,
+                                match_runtime: true,
+                            })
+                        }
+                        requirement => Ok(requirement),
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+                Ok::<_, ExtraBuildRequiresError>((name, requirements))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<ExtraBuildRequires, _>>()
+    }
+}

crates/uv-distribution/src/index/built_wheel_index.rs

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ use uv_cache_info::CacheInfo;
 use uv_cache_key::cache_digest;
 use uv_configuration::{ConfigSettings, PackageConfigSettings};
 use uv_distribution_types::{
-    DirectUrlSourceDist, DirectorySourceDist, ExtraBuildRequires, GitSourceDist, Hashed,
-    PathSourceDist, Requirement,
+    DirectUrlSourceDist, DirectorySourceDist, ExtraBuildRequirement, ExtraBuildRequires,
+    GitSourceDist, Hashed, PathSourceDist,
 };
 use uv_normalize::PackageName;
 use uv_platform_tags::Tags;
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ impl<'a> BuiltWheelIndex<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Determine the extra build dependencies for the given package name.
-    fn extra_build_requires_for(&self, name: &PackageName) -> &[Requirement] {
+    /// Determine the extra build requirements for the given package name.
+    fn extra_build_requires_for(&self, name: &PackageName) -> &[ExtraBuildRequirement] {
         self.extra_build_requires
             .get(name)
             .map(Vec::as_slice)

crates/uv-distribution/src/metadata/build_requires.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::path::Path;
 
 use uv_configuration::SourceStrategy;
-use uv_distribution_types::{ExtraBuildRequires, IndexLocations, Requirement};
+use uv_distribution_types::{
+    ExtraBuildRequirement, ExtraBuildRequires, IndexLocations, Requirement,
+};
 use uv_normalize::PackageName;
-use uv_workspace::pyproject::{ExtraBuildDependencies, ToolUvSources};
+use uv_workspace::pyproject::{ExtraBuildDependencies, ExtraBuildDependency, ToolUvSources};
 use uv_workspace::{
     DiscoveryOptions, MemberDiscovery, ProjectWorkspace, Workspace, WorkspaceCache,
 };
@@ -248,9 +250,13 @@ impl LoweredExtraBuildDependencies {
                 // Lower each package's extra build dependencies
                 let mut build_requires = ExtraBuildRequires::default();
                 for (package_name, requirements) in extra_build_dependencies {
-                    let lowered: Vec<Requirement> = requirements
+                    let lowered: Vec<ExtraBuildRequirement> = requirements
                         .into_iter()
-                        .flat_map(|requirement| {
+                        .flat_map(
+                            |ExtraBuildDependency {
+                                 requirement,
+                                 match_runtime,
+                             }| {
                                 let requirement_name = requirement.name.clone();
                                 let extra = requirement.marker.top_level_extra_name();
                                 let group = None;
@@ -266,32 +272,26 @@ impl LoweredExtraBuildDependencies {
                                     workspace,
                                     None,
                                 )
-                            .map(
-                                move |requirement| match requirement {
-                                    Ok(requirement) => Ok(requirement.into_inner()),
+                                .map(move |requirement| {
+                                    match requirement {
+                                        Ok(requirement) => Ok(ExtraBuildRequirement {
+                                            requirement: requirement.into_inner(),
+                                            match_runtime,
+                                        }),
                                         Err(err) => Err(MetadataError::LoweringError(
                                             requirement_name.clone(),
                                             Box::new(err),
                                         )),
+                                    }
+                                })
                             },
                         )
-                        })
                         .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
                     build_requires.insert(package_name, lowered);
                 }
                 Ok(Self(build_requires))
             }
-            SourceStrategy::Disabled => Ok(Self(
-                extra_build_dependencies
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|(name, requirements)| {
-                        (
-                            name,
-                            requirements.into_iter().map(Requirement::from).collect(),
-                        )
-                    })
-                    .collect(),
-            )),
+            SourceStrategy::Disabled => Ok(Self::from_non_lowered(extra_build_dependencies)),
         }
     }
 
@@ -308,7 +308,20 @@ impl LoweredExtraBuildDependencies {
                 .map(|(name, requirements)| {
                     (
                         name,
-                        requirements.into_iter().map(Requirement::from).collect(),
+                        requirements
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .map(
+                                |ExtraBuildDependency {
+                                     requirement,
+                                     match_runtime,
+                                 }| {
+                                    ExtraBuildRequirement {
+                                        requirement: requirement.into(),
+                                        match_runtime,
+                                    }
+                                },
+                            )
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                     )
                 })
                 .collect(),

crates/uv-distribution/src/source/mod.rs

@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ use uv_client::{
 use uv_configuration::{BuildKind, BuildOutput, ConfigSettings, SourceStrategy};
 use uv_distribution_filename::{SourceDistExtension, WheelFilename};
 use uv_distribution_types::{
-    BuildableSource, DirectorySourceUrl, GitSourceUrl, HashPolicy, Hashed, IndexUrl, PathSourceUrl,
-    Requirement, SourceDist, SourceUrl,
+    BuildableSource, DirectorySourceUrl, ExtraBuildRequirement, GitSourceUrl, HashPolicy, Hashed,
+    IndexUrl, PathSourceUrl, SourceDist, SourceUrl,
 };
 use uv_extract::hash::Hasher;
 use uv_fs::{rename_with_retry, write_atomic};
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ impl<'a, T: BuildContext> SourceDistributionBuilder<'a, T> {
     }
 
     /// Determine the extra build dependencies for the given package name.
-    fn extra_build_dependencies_for(&self, name: Option<&PackageName>) -> &[Requirement] {
+    fn extra_build_dependencies_for(&self, name: Option<&PackageName>) -> &[ExtraBuildRequirement] {
         name.and_then(|name| {
             self.build_context
                 .extra_build_requires()

crates/uv-scripts/src/lib.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use uv_pypi_types::VerbatimParsedUrl;
 use uv_redacted::DisplaySafeUrl;
 use uv_settings::{GlobalOptions, ResolverInstallerOptions};
 use uv_warnings::warn_user;
-use uv_workspace::pyproject::Sources;
+use uv_workspace::pyproject::{ExtraBuildDependency, Sources};
 
 static FINDER: LazyLock<Finder> = LazyLock::new(|| Finder::new(b"# /// script"));
 
@@ -428,8 +428,7 @@ pub struct ToolUv {
     pub override_dependencies: Option<Vec<uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>>>,
     pub constraint_dependencies: Option<Vec<uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>>>,
     pub build_constraint_dependencies: Option<Vec<uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>>>,
-    pub extra_build_dependencies:
-        Option<BTreeMap<PackageName, Vec<uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>>>>,
+    pub extra_build_dependencies: Option<BTreeMap<PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildDependency>>>,
     pub sources: Option<BTreeMap<PackageName, Sources>>,
 }
 

crates/uv-workspace/src/pyproject.rs

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use uv_macros::OptionsMetadata;
 use uv_normalize::{DefaultGroups, ExtraName, GroupName, PackageName};
 use uv_options_metadata::{OptionSet, OptionsMetadata, Visit};
 use uv_pep440::{Version, VersionSpecifiers};
-use uv_pep508::MarkerTree;
+use uv_pep508::{MarkerTree, VersionOrUrl};
 use uv_pypi_types::{
     Conflicts, DependencyGroups, SchemaConflicts, SupportedEnvironments, VerbatimParsedUrl,
 };
@@ -755,14 +755,86 @@ pub struct DependencyGroupSettings {
     pub requires_python: Option<VersionSpecifiers>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged, rename_all = "kebab-case")]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "schemars", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+pub enum ExtraBuildDependencyWire {
+    Unannotated(uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>),
+    #[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
+    Annotated {
+        requirement: uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>,
+        match_runtime: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(
+    deny_unknown_fields,
+    try_from = "ExtraBuildDependencyWire",
+    into = "ExtraBuildDependencyWire"
+)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "schemars", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+pub struct ExtraBuildDependency {
+    pub requirement: uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>,
+    pub match_runtime: bool,
+}
+
+impl From<ExtraBuildDependency> for uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl> {
+    fn from(value: ExtraBuildDependency) -> Self {
+        value.requirement
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum ExtraBuildDependencyError {
+    #[error("Dependencies marked with `match-runtime = true` cannot include version specifiers")]
+    VersionSpecifiersNotAllowed,
+    #[error("Dependencies marked with `match-runtime = true` cannot include URL constraints")]
+    UrlNotAllowed,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<ExtraBuildDependencyWire> for ExtraBuildDependency {
+    type Error = ExtraBuildDependencyError;
+
+    fn try_from(wire: ExtraBuildDependencyWire) -> Result<Self, ExtraBuildDependencyError> {
+        match wire {
+            ExtraBuildDependencyWire::Unannotated(requirement) => Ok(Self {
+                requirement,
+                match_runtime: false,
+            }),
+            ExtraBuildDependencyWire::Annotated {
+                requirement,
+                match_runtime,
+            } => match requirement.version_or_url {
+                None => Ok(Self {
+                    requirement,
+                    match_runtime,
+                }),
+                // If `match-runtime = true`, reject additional constraints.
+                Some(VersionOrUrl::VersionSpecifier(..)) => {
+                    Err(ExtraBuildDependencyError::VersionSpecifiersNotAllowed)
+                }
+                Some(VersionOrUrl::Url(..)) => Err(ExtraBuildDependencyError::UrlNotAllowed),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ExtraBuildDependency> for ExtraBuildDependencyWire {
+    fn from(item: ExtraBuildDependency) -> ExtraBuildDependencyWire {
+        ExtraBuildDependencyWire::Annotated {
+            requirement: item.requirement,
+            match_runtime: item.match_runtime,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "schemars", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
-pub struct ExtraBuildDependencies(
-    BTreeMap<PackageName, Vec<uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>>>,
-);
+pub struct ExtraBuildDependencies(BTreeMap<PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildDependency>>);
 
 impl std::ops::Deref for ExtraBuildDependencies {
-    type Target = BTreeMap<PackageName, Vec<uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>>>;
+    type Target = BTreeMap<PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildDependency>>;
 
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         &self.0
@@ -776,17 +848,22 @@ impl std::ops::DerefMut for ExtraBuildDependencies {
 }
 
 impl IntoIterator for ExtraBuildDependencies {
-    type Item = (PackageName, Vec<uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>>);
-    type IntoIter = std::collections::btree_map::IntoIter<
-        PackageName,
-        Vec<uv_pep508::Requirement<VerbatimParsedUrl>>,
-    >;
+    type Item = (PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildDependency>);
+    type IntoIter = std::collections::btree_map::IntoIter<PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildDependency>>;
 
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
         self.0.into_iter()
     }
 }
 
+impl FromIterator<(PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildDependency>)> for ExtraBuildDependencies {
+    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = (PackageName, Vec<ExtraBuildDependency>)>>(
+        iter: T,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self(iter.into_iter().collect())
+    }
+}
+
 /// Ensure that all keys in the TOML table are unique.
 impl<'de> serde::de::Deserialize<'de> for ExtraBuildDependencies {
     fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>

crates/uv/src/commands/project/mod.rs

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ use uv_configuration::{
 use uv_dispatch::{BuildDispatch, SharedState};
 use uv_distribution::{DistributionDatabase, LoweredExtraBuildDependencies, LoweredRequirement};
 use uv_distribution_types::{
-    ExtraBuildRequires, Index, Requirement, RequiresPython, Resolution, UnresolvedRequirement,
-    UnresolvedRequirementSpecification,
+    ExtraBuildRequirement, ExtraBuildRequires, Index, Requirement, RequiresPython, Resolution,
+    UnresolvedRequirement, UnresolvedRequirementSpecification,
 };
 use uv_fs::{CWD, LockedFile, Simplified};
 use uv_git::ResolvedRepositoryReference;
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ use uv_types::{BuildIsolation, EmptyInstalledPackages, HashStrategy};
 use uv_virtualenv::remove_virtualenv;
 use uv_warnings::{warn_user, warn_user_once};
 use uv_workspace::dependency_groups::DependencyGroupError;
+use uv_workspace::pyproject::ExtraBuildDependency;
 use uv_workspace::pyproject::PyProjectToml;
 use uv_workspace::{RequiresPythonSources, Workspace, WorkspaceCache};
 
@@ -252,6 +253,9 @@ pub(crate) enum ProjectError {
     #[error(transparent)]
     PyprojectMut(#[from] uv_workspace::pyproject_mut::Error),
 
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    ExtraBuildRequires(#[from] uv_distribution_types::ExtraBuildRequiresError),
+
     #[error(transparent)]
     Fmt(#[from] std::fmt::Error),
 
@@ -2647,7 +2651,11 @@ pub(crate) fn script_extra_build_requires(
         let lowered_requirements: Vec<_> = requirements
             .iter()
             .cloned()
-            .flat_map(|requirement| {
+            .flat_map(
+                |ExtraBuildDependency {
+                     requirement,
+                     match_runtime,
+                 }| {
                     LoweredRequirement::from_non_workspace_requirement(
                         requirement,
                         script_dir.as_ref(),
@@ -2655,8 +2663,12 @@ pub(crate) fn script_extra_build_requires(
                         script_indexes,
                         &settings.index_locations,
                     )
-                .map_ok(uv_distribution::LoweredRequirement::into_inner)
+                    .map_ok(move |requirement| ExtraBuildRequirement {
+                        requirement: requirement.into_inner(),
+                        match_runtime,
                     })
+                },
+            )
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
         extra_build_requires.insert(name.clone(), lowered_requirements);
     }

crates/uv/src/commands/project/sync.rs

@@ -713,6 +713,9 @@ pub(super) async fn do_sync(
     // If necessary, convert editable to non-editable distributions.
     let resolution = apply_editable_mode(resolution, editable);
 
+    // Constrain any build requirements marked as `match-runtime = true`.
+    let extra_build_requires = extra_build_requires.match_runtime(&resolution)?;
+
     index_locations.cache_index_credentials();
 
     // Populate credentials from the target.

crates/uv/tests/it/sync.rs

@@ -12479,3 +12479,290 @@ fn sync_does_not_remove_empty_virtual_environment_directory() -> Result<()> {
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+/// Test that build dependencies respect locked versions from the lockfile.
+#[test]
+fn sync_build_dependencies_respect_locked_versions() -> Result<()> {
+    let context = TestContext::new("3.12").with_filtered_counts();
+
+    // Write a test package that arbitrarily requires `anyio` at build time
+    let child = context.temp_dir.child("child");
+    child.create_dir_all()?;
+    let child_pyproject_toml = child.child("pyproject.toml");
+    child_pyproject_toml.write_str(indoc! {r#"
+        [project]
+        name = "child"
+        version = "0.1.0"
+        requires-python = ">=3.9"
+
+        [build-system]
+        requires = ["hatchling", "anyio"]
+        backend-path = ["."]
+        build-backend = "build_backend"
+    "#})?;
+
+    // Create a build backend that checks for a specific version of anyio
+    let build_backend = child.child("build_backend.py");
+    build_backend.write_str(indoc! {r#"
+        import os
+        import sys
+        from hatchling.build import *
+
+        expected_version = os.environ.get("EXPECTED_ANYIO_VERSION", "")
+        if not expected_version:
+            print("`EXPECTED_ANYIO_VERSION` not set", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        try:
+            import anyio
+        except ModuleNotFoundError:
+            print("Missing `anyio` module", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        from importlib.metadata import version
+        anyio_version = version("anyio")
+
+        if not anyio_version.startswith(expected_version):
+            print(f"Expected `anyio` version {expected_version} but got {anyio_version}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        print(f"Found expected `anyio` version {anyio_version}", file=sys.stderr)
+    "#})?;
+    child.child("src/child/__init__.py").touch()?;
+
+    // Create a project that will resolve to a non-latest version of `anyio`
+    let parent = &context.temp_dir;
+    let pyproject_toml = parent.child("pyproject.toml");
+    pyproject_toml.write_str(indoc! {r#"
+        [project]
+        name = "parent"
+        version = "0.1.0"
+        requires-python = ">=3.9"
+        dependencies = ["anyio<4.1"]
+    "#})?;
+
+    uv_snapshot!(context.filters(), context.lock(), @r"
+    success: true
+    exit_code: 0
+    ----- stdout -----
+
+    ----- stderr -----
+    Resolved [N] packages in [TIME]
+    ");
+
+    // Now add the child dependency.
+    pyproject_toml.write_str(indoc! {r#"
+        [project]
+        name = "parent"
+        version = "0.1.0"
+        requires-python = ">=3.9"
+        dependencies = ["anyio<4.1", "child"]
+
+        [tool.uv.sources]
+        child = { path = "child" }
+    "#})?;
+
+    // Ensure our build backend is checking the version correctly
+    uv_snapshot!(context.filters(), context.sync().env("EXPECTED_ANYIO_VERSION", "3.0"), @r"
+    success: false
+    exit_code: 1
+    ----- stdout -----
+
+    ----- stderr -----
+    Resolved [N] packages in [TIME]
+      × Failed to build `child @ file://[TEMP_DIR]/child`
+      ├─▶ The build backend returned an error
+      ╰─▶ Call to `build_backend.build_wheel` failed (exit status: 1)
+
+          [stderr]
+          Expected `anyio` version 3.0 but got 4.3.0
+
+          hint: This usually indicates a problem with the package or the build environment.
+      help: `child` was included because `parent` (v0.1.0) depends on `child`
+    ");
+
+    // Now constrain the `anyio` build dependency to match the runtime
+    pyproject_toml.write_str(indoc! {r#"
+        [project]
+        name = "parent"
+        version = "0.1.0"
+        requires-python = ">=3.9"
+        dependencies = ["anyio<4.1", "child"]
+
+        [tool.uv.sources]
+        child = { path = "child" }
+
+        [tool.uv.extra-build-dependencies]
+        child = [{ requirement = "anyio", match-runtime = true }]
+    "#})?;
+
+    // The child should be built with anyio 4.0
+    uv_snapshot!(context.filters(), context.sync().env("EXPECTED_ANYIO_VERSION", "4.0"), @r"
+    success: true
+    exit_code: 0
+    ----- stdout -----
+
+    ----- stderr -----
+    warning: The `extra-build-dependencies` option is experimental and may change without warning. Pass `--preview-features extra-build-dependencies` to disable this warning.
+    Resolved [N] packages in [TIME]
+    Prepared [N] packages in [TIME]
+    Installed [N] packages in [TIME]
+     + anyio==4.0.0
+     + child==0.1.0 (from file://[TEMP_DIR]/child)
+     + idna==3.6
+     + sniffio==1.3.1
+    ");
+
+    // Change the constraints on anyio
+    pyproject_toml.write_str(indoc! {r#"
+        [project]
+        name = "parent"
+        version = "0.1.0"
+        requires-python = ">=3.9"
+        dependencies = ["anyio<3.8", "child"]
+
+        [tool.uv.sources]
+        child = { path = "child" }
+
+        [tool.uv.extra-build-dependencies]
+        child = [{ requirement = "anyio", match-runtime = true }]
+    "#})?;
+
+    // The child should be rebuilt with anyio 3.7, without `--reinstall`
+    uv_snapshot!(context.filters(), context.sync()
+        .arg("--reinstall-package").arg("child").env("EXPECTED_ANYIO_VERSION", "4.0"), @r"
+    success: false
+    exit_code: 1
+    ----- stdout -----
+
+    ----- stderr -----
+    warning: The `extra-build-dependencies` option is experimental and may change without warning. Pass `--preview-features extra-build-dependencies` to disable this warning.
+    Resolved [N] packages in [TIME]
+      × Failed to build `child @ file://[TEMP_DIR]/child`
+      ├─▶ The build backend returned an error
+      ╰─▶ Call to `build_backend.build_wheel` failed (exit status: 1)
+
+          [stderr]
+          Expected `anyio` version 4.0 but got 3.7.1
+
+          hint: This usually indicates a problem with the package or the build environment.
+      help: `child` was included because `parent` (v0.1.0) depends on `child`
+    ");
+
+    uv_snapshot!(context.filters(), context.sync()
+        .arg("--reinstall-package").arg("child").env("EXPECTED_ANYIO_VERSION", "3.7"), @r"
+    success: true
+    exit_code: 0
+    ----- stdout -----
+
+    ----- stderr -----
+    warning: The `extra-build-dependencies` option is experimental and may change without warning. Pass `--preview-features extra-build-dependencies` to disable this warning.
+    Resolved [N] packages in [TIME]
+    Prepared [N] packages in [TIME]
+    Uninstalled [N] packages in [TIME]
+    Installed [N] packages in [TIME]
+     - anyio==4.0.0
+     + anyio==3.7.1
+     ~ child==0.1.0 (from file://[TEMP_DIR]/child)
+    ");
+
+    // With preview enabled, there's no warning
+    uv_snapshot!(context.filters(), context.sync()
+        .arg("--preview-features").arg("extra-build-dependencies")
+        .arg("--reinstall-package").arg("child")
+        .env("EXPECTED_ANYIO_VERSION", "3.7"), @r"
+    success: true
+    exit_code: 0
+    ----- stdout -----
+
+    ----- stderr -----
+    Resolved [N] packages in [TIME]
+    Prepared [N] packages in [TIME]
+    Uninstalled [N] packages in [TIME]
+    Installed [N] packages in [TIME]
+     ~ child==0.1.0 (from file://[TEMP_DIR]/child)
+    ");
+
+    // Now, we'll set a constraint in the parent project
+    pyproject_toml.write_str(indoc! {r#"
+        [project]
+        name = "parent"
+        version = "0.1.0"
+        requires-python = ">=3.9"
+        dependencies = ["anyio<3.8", "child"]
+
+        [tool.uv.sources]
+        child = { path = "child" }
+
+        [tool.uv.extra-build-dependencies]
+        child = [{ requirement = "anyio", match-runtime = true }]
+    "#})?;
+
+    // And an incompatible constraint in the child project
+    child_pyproject_toml.write_str(indoc! {r#"
+        [project]
+        name = "child"
+        version = "0.1.0"
+        requires-python = ">=3.9"
+
+        [build-system]
+        requires = ["hatchling", "anyio>3.8,<4.2"]
+        backend-path = ["."]
+        build-backend = "build_backend"
+    "#})?;
+
+    // This should fail
+    uv_snapshot!(context.filters(), context.sync()
+        .arg("--reinstall-package").arg("child").env("EXPECTED_ANYIO_VERSION", "4.1"), @r"
+    success: false
+    exit_code: 1
+    ----- stdout -----
+
+    ----- stderr -----
+    warning: The `extra-build-dependencies` option is experimental and may change without warning. Pass `--preview-features extra-build-dependencies` to disable this warning.
+    Resolved [N] packages in [TIME]
+      × Failed to build `child @ file://[TEMP_DIR]/child`
+      ├─▶ Failed to resolve requirements from `build-system.requires` and `extra-build-dependencies`
+      ├─▶ No solution found when resolving: `hatchling`, `anyio>3.8, <4.2`, `anyio==3.7.1 (index: https://pypi.org/simple)`
+      ╰─▶ Because you require anyio>3.8,<4.2 and anyio==3.7.1, we can conclude that your requirements are unsatisfiable.
+      help: `child` was included because `parent` (v0.1.0) depends on `child`
+    ");
+
+    // Adding a version specifier should also fail
+    pyproject_toml.write_str(indoc! {r#"
+        [project]
+        name = "parent"
+        version = "0.1.0"
+        requires-python = ">=3.9"
+        dependencies = ["anyio<4.1", "child"]
+
+        [tool.uv.sources]
+        child = { path = "child" }
+
+        [tool.uv.extra-build-dependencies]
+        child = [{ requirement = "anyio>4", match-runtime = true }]
+    "#})?;
+
+    uv_snapshot!(context.filters(), context.sync(), @r#"
+    success: false
+    exit_code: 2
+    ----- stdout -----
+
+    ----- stderr -----
+    warning: Failed to parse `pyproject.toml` during settings discovery:
+      TOML parse error at line 11, column 9
+         |
+      11 | child = [{ requirement = "anyio>4", match-runtime = true }]
+         |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+      Dependencies marked with `match-runtime = true` cannot include version specifiers
+
+    error: Failed to parse: `pyproject.toml`
+      Caused by: TOML parse error at line 11, column 9
+       |
+    11 | child = [{ requirement = "anyio>4", match-runtime = true }]
+       |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+    Dependencies marked with `match-runtime = true` cannot include version specifiers
+    "#);
+
+    Ok(())
+}

uv.schema.json

@@ -889,9 +889,31 @@
       "additionalProperties": {
         "type": "array",
         "items": {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/ExtraBuildDependency"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "ExtraBuildDependency": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/Requirement"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "match-runtime": {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "requirement": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/Requirement"
             }
+          },
+          "required": [
+            "requirement",
+            "match-runtime"
+          ]
         }
+      ]
     },
     "ExtraName": {
       "description": "The normalized name of an extra dependency.\n\nConverts the name to lowercase and collapses runs of `-`, `_`, and `.` down to a single `-`.\nFor example, `---`, `.`, and `__` are all converted to a single `-`.\n\nSee:\n- <https://peps.python.org/pep-0685/#specification/>\n- <https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/specifications/name-normalization/>",