Upgrade to Rust 1.83 (#9511)

## Summary

A lot of good new lints, and most importantly, error stabilizations. I
tried to find a few usages of the new stabilizations, but I'm sure there
are more.

IIUC, this _does_ require bumping our MSRV.

crates/uv-cache/src/wheel.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub enum WheelCache<'a> {
     Git(&'a Url, &'a str),
 }
 
-impl<'a> WheelCache<'a> {
+impl WheelCache<'_> {
     /// The root directory for a cache bucket.
     pub fn root(&self) -> PathBuf {
         match self {