Patch sysconfig data at install time (#9857)

## Summary

This PR reimplements
[`sysconfigpatcher`](https://github.com/bluss/sysconfigpatcher) in Rust
and applies it to our Python installations at install-time, ensuring
that the `sysconfig` data is more likely to be correct.

For now, we only rewrite prefixes (i.e., any path that starts with
`/install` gets rewritten to the correct absolute path for the current
machine).

Unlike `sysconfigpatcher`, this PR does not yet do any of the following:

- Patch `pkginfo` files.
- Change `clang` references to `cc`.

A few things that we should do as follow-ups, in my opinion:

1. Rewrite
[`AR`](c1ebf8ab92/src/sysconfigpatcher.py (L61)).
2. Remove `-isysroot`, which we already do for newer builds.

crates/uv-python/src/installation.rs

@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ impl PythonInstallation {
 
         let installed = ManagedPythonInstallation::new(path)?;
         installed.ensure_externally_managed()?;
+        installed.ensure_sysconfig_patched()?;
         installed.ensure_canonical_executables()?;
 
         Ok(Self {