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Support transparent Python patch version upgrades (#13954)

Browse source 
> NOTE: The PRs that were merged into this feature branch have all been
independently reviewed. But it's also useful to see all of the changes
in their final form. I've added comments to significant changes
throughout the PR to aid discussion.

This PR introduces transparent Python version upgrades to uv, allowing
for a smoother experience when upgrading to new patch versions.
Previously, upgrading Python patch versions required manual updates to
each virtual environment. Now, virtual environments can transparently
upgrade to newer patch versions.

Due to significant changes in how uv installs and executes managed
Python executables, this functionality is initially available behind a
`--preview` flag. Once an installation has been made upgradeable through
`--preview`, subsequent operations (like `uv venv -p 3.10` or patch
upgrades) will work without requiring the flag again. This is
accomplished by checking for the existence of a minor version symlink
directory (or junction on Windows).

### Features

* New `uv python upgrade` command to upgrade installed Python versions
to the latest available patch release:
``` 
# Upgrade specific minor version 
uv python upgrade 3.12 --preview
# Upgrade all installed minor versions
uv python upgrade --preview
```
* Transparent upgrades also occur when installing newer patch versions: 
```
uv python install 3.10.8 --preview
# Automatically upgrades existing 3.10 environments
uv python install 3.10.18
```
* Support for transparently upgradeable Python `bin` installations via
`--preview` flag
```
uv python install 3.13 --preview
# Automatically upgrades the `bin` installation if there is a newer patch version available
uv python upgrade 3.13 --preview
```
* Virtual environments can still be tied to a patch version if desired
(ignoring patch upgrades):
```
uv venv -p 3.10.8
```

### Implementation

Transparent upgrades are implemented using:
* Minor version symlink directories (Unix) or junctions (Windows)
* On Windows, trampolines simulate paths with junctions
* Symlink directory naming follows Python build standalone format: e.g.,
`cpython-3.10-macos-aarch64-none`
* Upgrades are scoped to the minor version key (as represented in the
naming format: implementation-minor version+variant-os-arch-libc)
* If the context does not provide a patch version request and the
interpreter is from a managed CPython installation, the `Interpreter`
used by `uv python run` will use the full symlink directory executable
path when available, enabling transparently upgradeable environments
created with the `venv` module (`uv run python -m venv`)

New types:
* `PythonMinorVersionLink`: in a sense, the core type for this PR, this
is a representation of a minor version symlink directory (or junction on
Windows) that points to the highest installed managed CPython patch
version for a minor version key.
* `PythonInstallationMinorVersionKey`: provides a view into a
`PythonInstallationKey` that excludes the patch and prerelease. This is
used for grouping installations by minor version key (e.g., to find the
highest available patch installation for that minor version key) and for
minor version directory naming.

### Compatibility

* Supports virtual environments created with:
  * `uv venv`
* `uv run python -m venv` (using managed Python that was installed or
upgraded with `--preview`)
  * Virtual environments created within these environments
* Existing virtual environments from before these changes continue to
work but aren't transparently upgradeable without being recreated
* Supports both standard Python (`python3.10`) and freethreaded Python
(`python3.10t`)
* Support for transparently upgrades is currently only available for
managed CPython installations

Closes #7287
Closes #7325
Closes #7892
Closes #9031
Closes #12977

---------

Co-authored-by: Zanie Blue <contact@zanie.dev>
This commit is contained in:
John Mumm 2025-06-20 10:17:13 -04:00 • committed by GitHub
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62
crates/uv-cli/src/lib.rs
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@ -4722,6 +4722,24 @@ pub enum PythonCommand {
/// See `uv help python` to view supported request formats.
Install(PythonInstallArgs),
/// Upgrade installed Python versions to the latest supported patch release (requires the
/// `--preview` flag).
///
/// A target Python minor version to upgrade may be provided, e.g., `3.13`. Multiple versions
/// may be provided to perform more than one upgrade.
///
/// If no target version is provided, then uv will upgrade all managed CPython versions.
///
/// During an upgrade, uv will not uninstall outdated patch versions.
///
/// When an upgrade is performed, virtual environments created by uv will automatically
/// use the new version. However, if the virtual environment was created before the
/// upgrade functionality was added, it will continue to use the old Python version; to enable
/// upgrades, the environment must be recreated.
///
/// Upgrades are not yet supported for alternative implementations, like PyPy.
Upgrade(PythonUpgradeArgs),
/// Search for a Python installation.
///
/// Displays the path to the Python executable.
@ -4907,6 +4925,50 @@ pub struct PythonInstallArgs {
pub default: bool,
}
#[derive(Args)]
pub struct PythonUpgradeArgs {
/// The directory Python installations are stored in.
///
/// If provided, `UV_PYTHON_INSTALL_DIR` will need to be set for subsequent operations for uv to
/// discover the Python installation.
///
/// See `uv python dir` to view the current Python installation directory. Defaults to
/// `~/.local/share/uv/python`.
#[arg(long, short, env = EnvVars::UV_PYTHON_INSTALL_DIR)]
pub install_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
/// The Python minor version(s) to upgrade.
///
/// If no target version is provided, then uv will upgrade all managed CPython versions.
#[arg(env = EnvVars::UV_PYTHON)]
pub targets: Vec<String>,
/// Set the URL to use as the source for downloading Python installations.
///
/// The provided URL will replace
/// `https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download` in, e.g.,
/// `https://github.com/astral-sh/python-build-standalone/releases/download/20240713/cpython-3.12.4%2B20240713-aarch64-apple-darwin-install_only.tar.gz`.
///
/// Distributions can be read from a local directory by using the `file://` URL scheme.
#[arg(long, env = EnvVars::UV_PYTHON_INSTALL_MIRROR)]
pub mirror: Option<String>,
/// Set the URL to use as the source for downloading PyPy installations.
///
/// The provided URL will replace `https://downloads.python.org/pypy` in, e.g.,
/// `https://downloads.python.org/pypy/pypy3.8-v7.3.7-osx64.tar.bz2`.
///
/// Distributions can be read from a local directory by using the `file://` URL scheme.
#[arg(long, env = EnvVars::UV_PYPY_INSTALL_MIRROR)]
pub pypy_mirror: Option<String>,
/// URL pointing to JSON of custom Python installations.
///
/// Note that currently, only local paths are supported.
#[arg(long, env = EnvVars::UV_PYTHON_DOWNLOADS_JSON_URL)]
pub python_downloads_json_url: Option<String>,
}
#[derive(Args)]
pub struct PythonUninstallArgs {
/// The directory where the Python was installed.