Guard against concurrent cache writes on Windows (#11007)

## Summary

On Windows, we have a lot of issues with atomic replacement and such.
There are a bunch of different failure modes, but they generally
involve: trying to persist a fail to a path at which the file already
exists, trying to replace or remove a file while someone else is reading
it, etc.

This PR adds locks to all of the relevant database paths. We already use
these advisory locks when building source distributions; now we use them
when unzipping wheels, storing metadata, etc.

Closes #11002.

## Test Plan

I ran the following script:

```shell
# Define the cache directory path
$cacheDir = "C:\Users\crmar\workspace\uv\cache"

# Clear the cache directory if it exists
if (Test-Path $cacheDir) {
    Remove-Item -Recurse -Force $cacheDir
}

# Create the cache directory again
New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path $cacheDir

# Define the command to run with --cache-dir flag
$command = {
    param ($venvPath)

    # Create a virtual environment in the specified path with --python
    uv venv $venvPath

    # Run the pip install command with --cache-dir flag
    C:\Users\crmar\workspace\uv\target\profiling\uv.exe pip install flask==1.0.4 --no-binary flask --cache-dir C:\Users\crmar\workspace\uv\cache -v --python $venvPath
}

# Define the paths for the different virtual environments
$venv1 = "C:\Users\crmar\workspace\uv\venv1"
$venv2 = "C:\Users\crmar\workspace\uv\venv2"
$venv3 = "C:\Users\crmar\workspace\uv\venv3"
$venv4 = "C:\Users\crmar\workspace\uv\venv4"
$venv5 = "C:\Users\crmar\workspace\uv\venv5"

# Start the command in parallel five times using Start-Job, each with a different venv
$job1 = Start-Job -ScriptBlock $command -ArgumentList $venv1
$job2 = Start-Job -ScriptBlock $command -ArgumentList $venv2
$job3 = Start-Job -ScriptBlock $command -ArgumentList $venv3
$job4 = Start-Job -ScriptBlock $command -ArgumentList $venv4
$job5 = Start-Job -ScriptBlock $command -ArgumentList $venv5

# Wait for all jobs to complete
$jobs = @($job1, $job2, $job3, $job4, $job5)
$jobs | ForEach-Object { Wait-Job $_ }

# Retrieve the results (optional)
$jobs | ForEach-Object { Receive-Job -Job $_ }

# Clean up the jobs
$jobs | ForEach-Object { Remove-Job -Job $_ }
```

And ensured it succeeded in five straight invocations (whereas on
`main`, it consistently fails with a variety of different traces).

crates/uv-client/src/registry_client.rs

@@ -336,6 +336,13 @@ impl RegistryClient {
             Connectivity::Offline => CacheControl::AllowStale,
         };
 
+        // Acquire an advisory lock, to guard against concurrent writes.
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let _lock = {
+            let lock_entry = cache_entry.with_file(format!("{package_name}.lock"));
+            lock_entry.lock().await.map_err(ErrorKind::CacheWrite)?
+        };
+
         let result = if matches!(index, IndexUrl::Path(_)) {
             self.fetch_local_index(package_name, &url).await
         } else {
@@ -614,6 +621,13 @@ impl RegistryClient {
                 Connectivity::Offline => CacheControl::AllowStale,
             };
 
+            // Acquire an advisory lock, to guard against concurrent writes.
+            #[cfg(windows)]
+            let _lock = {
+                let lock_entry = cache_entry.with_file(format!("{}.lock", filename.stem()));
+                lock_entry.lock().await.map_err(ErrorKind::CacheWrite)?
+            };
+
             let response_callback = |response: Response| async {
                 let bytes = response
                     .bytes()
@@ -677,6 +691,13 @@ impl RegistryClient {
             Connectivity::Offline => CacheControl::AllowStale,
         };
 
+        // Acquire an advisory lock, to guard against concurrent writes.
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let _lock = {
+            let lock_entry = cache_entry.with_file(format!("{}.lock", filename.stem()));
+            lock_entry.lock().await.map_err(ErrorKind::CacheWrite)?
+        };
+
         // Attempt to fetch via a range request.
         if index.map_or(true, |index| capabilities.supports_range_requests(index)) {
             let req = self