14 KiB
Glossary
symbol
!
A marker added to the end of an identifier to indicate that it is a procedure or variable type. Or the mutating operator.
[#](../syntax/00_basic.md/# comment)
$
%
&
′ (single quote)
()
*
+
,
−
->
.
/
:
::
;
<
<:
<<
<=
=
==
=>
>
>>
>=
?
@
[]
\
^
^^
_
``
{:}
{=}
|
||
~
A
[algebraic type]
[And]
[and]
[assert]
[attribute]
B
[Base]
[Bool]
C
[Class]
D
Deprecated
[distinct]
E
[enum type]
[Eq]
[Erg]
F
[for]
G
H
I
[if]
[import]
[in]
[Int]
J
K
L
let-polymorphism -> [rank 1 polymorphism]
[log]
M
[match]
N
[Nat]
Never
None
[Not]
[not]
O
[Option]
[Or]
[or]
[Ord]
P
panic
print!
[Python]
Q
R
ref
ref!
[Result]
[rootobj]
S
self
Self
side-effect
[Str]
T
Traits
[True]
[Type]
[type]
U
V
W
[while!]
X
Y
Z
A line
[Assertion]
To check (typically at runtime) whether a condition is true in code. This is done using the assert function, etc.
sum = !0
for! 0..10, i =>
sum.add!i
assert sum == 55
Value Object
In Erg, equivalent to base object. It can be evaluated at compile time and has a trivial comparison method.
Attachment patch
A patch that gives the trait a standard implementation.
Ad hoc polymorphism -> No overloading
Polymorphism with so-called overloading.
Attribute -> [attribute]
The y part in the x.y identifier.
Arity
How many operands the operator takes.
Dependent type
A type whose argument is a value (idiomatically, not a type).
immutable -> [immutable]
Indicates that the target will not change. Variables in other languages are also immutable/mutable, but in Erg all variables are immutable.
arguments -> [arguments]
instance
An object created by a class. An element of class type.
[instant block](../syntax/00_basic.md#expression separator)
x =
y = f(a)
z = g(b,c)
y+z
index
of the form x[i], or the i part thereof. We call x an Indexable object.
indent
Align text to the right by moving toward spaces. Indentation. Ergs represent blocks by indentation. This is called the offside rule.
Aliases
Alias.
error
Abnormal conditions defined in the specification.
- [Error handling]
operator
An object that applies an operation to its operands. or a symbol denoting that object.
- [operator binding strength]
Override
Overriding superclass methods in subclasses.
In Erg you have to add Override decorator when overriding.
No overloading
Offside rule -> indent
[object]
- Object-orientation
operand -> operand
operator -> operator
Ka line
kind
Types of so-called types.
[visibility]
The property of whether an identifier can be referenced externally (out of scope, or in another module or package).
[type]
An object that groups terms.
- [type specification]
- type erasure
- [type inference]
- type annotation
- [type argument]
- type addition
- type variable
- [type constraint]
[Guard]
Encapsulation
Hiding implementation details.
[variable]
Must not be immutable.
- [mutable object]
- [variable]
- [variable reference]
- [variable array]
- [variable arguments]
function
A subroutine with no side effects.
- [Functional programming](../syntax/23_scope.md#Avoiding mutable stateFunctional programming)
base type
nominative
Distinguish by name rather than by symmetrical structure.
- [named type] -> class
- [Annunciation]
- nominal subtype
capture -> [closure]
[covariant]
In Erg, if T <: U then K(T) <: K(U) then K is said to be covariant.
[keyword arguments]
k in the form of function call f(k: v). You can specify actual arguments by formal argument name instead of by order.
empty set -> [{}]
section
- Interval type
- interval operator
Embedded
Erg standard APIs not implemented in .er files.
class
Structure/abstract data type with inheritance function. In Erg, it is a type to implement named subtyping and overriding. In Erg, modules are the responsibility of module objects, and types are the type object, while other languages may be responsible for modules and types.
[Closure]
[global variables]
[Clone]
inheritance
To define a class that is a superset of another class. The class that inherits is called the superclass, and the class that inherits is called the subclass. A subclass has all the functionality of its superclass.
high floor
- higher-order kind
- higher order type
- Higher-order functions
[public variables]
[structural subtype]
back reference -> [back reference]
[copy]
comment
Collection
Colon -> [:]
constructor
container
Compiler
[compile-time computation](../syntax/04_function.md#compile-time function)
comma -> [,]
sa line
recursion
Refer to yourself.
- recursive
- [Recursive function](../syntax/04_function.md#Recursive function)
subscript -> [index]
subtyping polymorphism
Polymorphism with subtyping. Subtyping corresponds to set containment in types.
Subroutine
An object that modularizes processing. A generic term for functions, procedures, and methods in Erg.
reference
- reference object
- [Reference counting (RC)](../syntax/18_memory_management.md#memory management)
- Reference equality -> side effect
[identifier](../syntax/02_variable.md/# assignment)
signature
- type signature
dict
[natural number] -> [Nat]
Generics -> [Generic]
Generator
[projective type]
borrow -> reference
[shadowing](../syntax/02_name.md# variables)
To override a reference to a variable by defining a variable with the same name in an inner scope.
kind -> kind
Roughly the type of type.
[set] -> [set]
In Erg, it means a Set object.
Predicate
- [predicate function]
A function that returns a bool type.
Conditional branch
[Ownership]
The concept of object uniqueness. If you have ownership of an object, you can take a mutable reference to it.
Boolean -> [Bool]
Singleton
An instance created from a class that can create only one instance. A design pattern that ensures that only one instance of a class is created.
[Symbol] -> Identifier
- [symbolization]
[script](../syntax/00_basic.md# script)
A file containing an Erg program.
Scope
Units in variable management. An outer scope cannot refer to a variable that exists in an inner scope. Objects with a reference count of 0 are freed when the scope exits.
spread operator -> [expansion assignment]
slice
An object representing a subsequence of the array, generated in the form x[a..b].
control characters
[Integer] -> [Int]
A set of natural numbers plus negative numbers.
set
Semicolon -> [;]
Declaration
Explicitly type variables.
Full name
- universal type -> polymorphic type
- closed universal
- Open Universal
- universal function -> polycorrelation function
- universal quantification
prefix operator
Operator ∘ applied in the form ∘x.
mutual recursion
subscript -> [index]
[attributes]
- [attribute subtype]
Ta line
algebra
- algebraic type
- algebraic data types
assignment
Multiple
- [Multiple inheritance](../syntax/type/07_inheritance.md/#Prohibition of multiple inheritance)
- Multiple assignment
- Overload -> [No overloading]
Polymorphism
- polymorphic type
- polycorrelation coefficient
polymorphism -> [polymorphism]
duck typing
tuple
Single-phase
- Single phase
- Single-phase type
- Single correlation coefficient
[Lazy initialization]
Extraction Assignment
Abstract syntax tree -> [AST]
Infix operator
The operator ∘ applied in the form x∘y.
constant
Immutable, compile-time evaluable algebra.
[definition]
Allocating an object corresponding to a variable.
Provided Attributes
Attributes available as API. Especially attributes auto-implemented by traits.
[Apply]
To pass an argument to a function object and get the evaluation result.
decorator
@deco
f x = ...
syntactic sugar, or deco. Roughly equal to _f x = ...; f = deco _f. deco itself is just a higher-order subroutine.
destructor
Method called when the object is destroyed.
procedure -> procedure
A subroutine that reads and writes mutable state. It is sometimes said that the execution result of a program can change depending on the order in which the procedures are called, but this is incorrect if we are talking about commutativity. For example, operators that are subtypes of functions are generally not commutative.
[default arguments](../syntax/04_function.md/#default arguments default-parameters)
A function that allows you to omit the specification of actual arguments at the time of calling by specifying default values for formal arguments.
Expand
- [expansion operator]
- [expansion assignment]
special format
An object that cannot be passed as an actual argument.
anonymous function -> anonymous function
A function object created by the anonymous function operator ->. Can be used without defining a name.
dot operator (.) -> [attribute reference]
Top
- Top type -> [Structural Object]
- Top class -> [Object]
trait
na line
Comprehension
Infix operator -> [Infix operator]
[namespace]
is a line
Array
[derived type](../syntax/type/variances.md/# user-defined type variations)
pattern (match)
package
hashmap -> dict
patch
public variables -> public variables
parameter -> argument
Parametric Polymorphism
contravariant
Compare
- [comparison operator]
- [comparable type]
private variable
standard
- standard output
- standard input
- standard library
side effects
Code should/not read/write external mutable state.
complex number -> [Complex]
[Float] -> [Float]
private variables -> [private variables]
Boolean algebra -> [Bool]
procedure
arguments
Partial Typing -> [Subtyping]
[immutable]
In Erg, an object should never change its contents.
- [immutable object]
- [immutable type]
- [immutable reference]
sieve type
[block]
Destructuring assignment
variable
bottom
- bottom type -> [{}]
- Bottom class -> [Never]
[Polymorphism]
ma line
~~ prefix operator ~~ -> prefix operator
marker type
anonymous function
mutable -> [mutable]
[move]
methods
Metacharacters
module
[String] -> [Str]
- [String interpolation](../syntax/01_literal.md/#Str literal)
Return value
or line
phantom type
Request Attributes
[element]
[call]
Ra line
[Library]
lambda expression -> anonymous function
rank
literal
- [literal identifier](../syntax/18_naming_rule.md/#literal identifier)
quantified
Layout
enum
record
- [record type]
- Record Polymorphism -> [Column Polymorphism]